8. The DHCPv4 Server¶
8.1. Starting and Stopping the DHCPv4 Server¶
It is recommended that the Kea DHCPv4 server be started and stopped
using keactrl (described in Managing Kea with keactrl); however, it is also
possible to run the server directly. It accepts the following
command-line switches:
-c file- specifies the configuration file. This is the only mandatory switch.-d- specifies whether the server logging should be switched to debug/verbose mode. In verbose mode, the logging severity and debuglevel specified in the configuration file are ignored; “debug” severity and the maximum debuglevel (99) are assumed. The flag is convenient for temporarily switching the server into maximum verbosity, e.g. when debugging.-p server-port- specifies the local UDP port on which the server will listen. This is only useful during testing, as a DHCPv4 server listening on ports other than the standard ones will not be able to handle regular DHCPv4 queries.-P client-port- specifies the remote UDP port to which the server will send all responses. This is only useful during testing, as a DHCPv4 server sending responses to ports other than the standard ones will not be able to handle regular DHCPv4 queries.-t file- specifies a configuration file to be tested. Kea-dhcp4 will load it, check it, and exit. During the test, log messages are printed to standard output and error messages to standard error. The result of the test is reported through the exit code (0 = configuration looks ok, 1 = error encountered). The check is not comprehensive; certain checks are possible only when running the server.-v- displays the Kea version and exits.-V- displays the Kea extended version with additional parameters and exits. The listing includes the versions of the libraries dynamically linked to Kea.-W- displays the Kea configuration report and exits. The report is a copy of theconfig.reportfile produced by./configure; it is embedded in the executable binary.
On startup, the server will detect available network interfaces and will attempt to open UDP sockets on all interfaces mentioned in the configuration file. Since the DHCPv4 server opens privileged ports, it requires root access. This daemon must be run as root.
During startup, the server will attempt to create a PID file of the form: [runstatedir]/kea/[conf name].kea-dhcp4.pid where:
runstatedir: The value as passed into the build configure script; it defaults to “/usr/local/var/run”. Note that this value may be overridden at runtime by setting the environment variable KEA_PIDFILE_DIR, although this is intended primarily for testing purposes.conf name: The configuration file name used to start the server, minus all preceding paths and the file extension. For example, given a pathname of “/usr/local/etc/kea/myconf.txt”, the portion used would be “myconf”.
If the file already exists and contains the PID of a live process, the server will issue a DHCP4_ALREADY_RUNNING log message and exit. It is possible, though unlikely, that the file is a remnant of a system crash and the process to which the PID belongs is unrelated to Kea. In such a case it would be necessary to manually delete the PID file.
The server can be stopped using the kill command. When running in a
console, the server can also be shut down by pressing ctrl-c. It detects
the key combination and shuts down gracefully.
8.2. DHCPv4 Server Configuration¶
8.2.1. Introduction¶
This section explains how to configure the DHCPv4 server using a configuration file. Before DHCPv4 is started, its configuration file must be created. The basic configuration is as follows:
{
# DHCPv4 configuration starts on the next line
"Dhcp4": {
# First we set up global values
"valid-lifetime": 4000,
"renew-timer": 1000,
"rebind-timer": 2000,
# Next we set up the interfaces to be used by the server.
"interfaces-config": {
"interfaces": [ "eth0" ]
},
# And we specify the type of lease database
"lease-database": {
"type": "memfile",
"persist": true,
"name": "/var/lib/kea/dhcp4.leases"
},
# Finally, we list the subnets from which we will be leasing addresses.
"subnet4": [
{
"subnet": "192.0.2.0/24",
"pools": [
{
"pool": "192.0.2.1 - 192.0.2.200"
}
]
}
]
# DHCPv4 configuration ends with the next line
}
}
The following paragraphs provide a brief overview of the parameters in the above example, along with their format. Subsequent sections of this chapter go into much greater detail for these and other parameters.
The lines starting with a hash (#) are comments and are ignored by the server; they do not impact its operation in any way.
The configuration starts in the first line with the initial opening
curly bracket (or brace). Each configuration must contain an object
specifying the configuration of the Kea module using it. In the example
above this object is called Dhcp4.
Note
In the current Kea release it is possible to specify configurations
of multiple modules within a single configuration file, but this is
not recommended and support for it will be removed in a future
release. The only object, besides the one specifying module
configuration, which can be (and usually was) included in the same file
is Logging. However, we don’t include this object in the example
above for clarity; its content, the list of loggers, should now be
inside the Dhcp4 object instead of the deprecated object.
The Dhcp4 configuration starts with the "Dhcp4": { line and ends
with the corresponding closing brace (in the above example, the brace
after the last comment). Everything defined between those lines is
considered to be the Dhcp4 configuration.
In general, the order in which those parameters appear does not matter, but there are two caveats. The first one is to remember that the configuration file must be well-formed JSON. That means that the parameters for any given scope must be separated by a comma, and there must not be a comma after the last parameter. When reordering a configuration file, keep in mind that moving a parameter to or from the last position in a given scope may also require moving the comma. The second caveat is that it is uncommon — although legal JSON — to repeat the same parameter multiple times. If that happens, the last occurrence of a given parameter in a given scope is used, while all previous instances are ignored. This is unlikely to cause any confusion as there are no real-life reasons to keep multiple copies of the same parameter in the configuration file.
The first few DHCPv4 configuration elements
define some global parameters. valid-lifetime defines how long the
addresses (leases) given out by the server are valid. If nothing
changes, a client that got an address is allowed to use it for 4000
seconds. (Note that integer numbers are specified as is, without any
quotes around them.) renew-timer and rebind-timer are values
(also in seconds) that define T1 and T2 timers that govern when the
client will begin the renewal and rebind procedures.
Note
Beginning with Kea 1.6.0 the lease valid lifetime is extended from a
single value to a triplet with minimum, default and maximum values using
min-valid-lifetime, valid-lifetime and
max-valid-lifetime. When the client does not specify
a lifetime the default value is used, when it specifies using a DHCP option
code 51 this value is used if it is not less than the minimum (in this case
the minimum is returned) or greater than the maximum (in this case the
maximum is used).
Note
Both renew-timer and rebind-timer
are optional. The server will only send rebind-timer to the client,
via DHCPv4 option code 59, if it is less than valid-lifetime; and it
will only send renew-timer, via DHCPv4 option code 58, if it is less
than rebind-timer (or valid-lifetime if rebind-timer was not
specified). In their absence, the client should select values for T1
and T2 timers according to RFC 2131.
See section Sending T1 (Option 58) and T2 (Option 59)
for more details on generating T1 and T2.
The interfaces-config map specifies the server configuration
concerning the network interfaces on which the server should listen to
the DHCP messages. The interfaces parameter specifies a list of
network interfaces on which the server should listen. Lists are opened
and closed with square brackets, with elements separated by commas. To
listen on two interfaces, the interfaces-config command should look
like this:
"interfaces-config": {
"interfaces": [ "eth0", "eth1" ]
},
The next couple of lines define the lease database, the place where the
server stores its lease information. This particular example tells the
server to use memfile, which is the simplest (and fastest) database
backend. It uses an in-memory database and stores leases on disk in a
CSV (comma-separated values) file. This is a very simple configuration; usually the lease
database configuration is more extensive and contains additional
parameters. Note that lease-database is an object and opens up a new
scope, using an opening brace. Its parameters (just one in this example:
type) follow. If there were more than one, they would be separated
by commas. This scope is closed with a closing brace. As more parameters
for the Dhcp4 definition follow, a trailing comma is present.
Finally, we need to define a list of IPv4 subnets. This is the most
important DHCPv4 configuration structure, as the server uses that
information to process clients’ requests. It defines all subnets from
which the server is expected to receive DHCP requests. The subnets are
specified with the subnet4 parameter. It is a list, so it starts and
ends with square brackets. Each subnet definition in the list has
several attributes associated with it, so it is a structure and is
opened and closed with braces. At a minimum, a subnet definition has to
have at least two parameters: subnet (which defines the whole
subnet) and pools (which is a list of dynamically allocated pools
that are governed by the DHCP server).
The example contains a single subnet. If more than one were defined,
additional elements in the subnet4 parameter would be specified and
separated by commas. For example, to define three subnets, the following
syntax would be used:
"subnet4": [
{
"pools": [ { "pool": "192.0.2.1 - 192.0.2.200" } ],
"subnet": "192.0.2.0/24"
},
{
"pools": [ { "pool": "192.0.3.100 - 192.0.3.200" } ],
"subnet": "192.0.3.0/24"
},
{
"pools": [ { "pool": "192.0.4.1 - 192.0.4.254" } ],
"subnet": "192.0.4.0/24"
}
]
Note that indentation is optional and is used for aesthetic purposes only. In some cases it may be preferable to use more compact notation.
After all the parameters have been specified, we have two contexts open: global and Dhcp4; thus, we need two closing curly brackets to close them.
8.2.2. Lease Storage¶
All leases issued by the server are stored in the lease database. Currently there are four database backends available: memfile (which is the default backend), MySQL, PostgreSQL, and Cassandra.
8.2.2.1. Memfile - Basic Storage for Leases¶
The server is able to store lease data in different repositories. Larger deployments may elect to store leases in a database. Lease Database Configuration describes this option. In typical smaller deployments, though, the server will store lease information in a CSV file rather than a database. As well as requiring less administration, an advantage of using a file for storage is that it eliminates a dependency on third-party database software.
The configuration of the file backend (memfile) is controlled through
the Dhcp4/lease-database parameters. The type parameter is mandatory
and it specifies which storage for leases the server should use. The
value of "memfile" indicates that the file should be used as the
storage. The following list gives additional optional parameters that
can be used to configure the memfile backend.
persist: controls whether the new leases and updates to existing leases are written to the file. It is strongly recommended that the value of this parameter be set totrueat all times during the server’s normal operation. Not writing leases to disk means that if a server is restarted (e.g. after a power failure), it will not know which addresses have been assigned. As a result, it may assign new clients addresses that are already in use. The value offalseis mostly useful for performance-testing purposes. The default value of thepersistparameter istrue, which enables writing lease updates to the lease file.name: specifies an absolute location of the lease file in which new leases and lease updates will be recorded. The default value for this parameter is"[kea-install-dir]/var/lib/kea/kea-leases4.csv".lfc-interval: specifies the interval, in seconds, at which the server will perform a lease file cleanup (LFC). This removes redundant (historical) information from the lease file and effectively reduces the lease file size. The cleanup process is described in more detail later in this section. The default value of thelfc-intervalis3600. A value of 0 disables the LFC.max-row-errors: when the server loads a lease file, it is processed row by row, each row contaning a single lease. If a row is flawed and cannot be processed correctly the server will log it, discard the row, and go on to the next row. This parameter can be used to set a limit on the number of such discards that may occur after which the server will abandon the effort and exit. The default value of 0 disables the limit and allows the server to process the entire file, regardless of how many rows are discarded.
"Dhcp4": {
"lease-database": {
"type": "memfile",
"persist": true,
"name": "/tmp/kea-leases4.csv",
"lfc-interval": 1800,
"max-row-errors": 100
}
}
This configuration selects the /tmp/kea-leases4.csv as the storage
for lease information and enables persistence (writing lease updates to
this file). It also configures the backend to perform a periodic cleanup
of the lease file every 30 minutes and sets the maximum number of row
errors to 100.
It is important to know how the lease file contents are organized to understand why the periodic lease file cleanup is needed. Every time the server updates a lease or creates a new lease for the client, the new lease information must be recorded in the lease file. For performance reasons, the server does not update the existing client’s lease in the file, as this would potentially require rewriting the entire file. Instead, it simply appends the new lease information to the end of the file; the previous lease entries for the client are not removed. When the server loads leases from the lease file, e.g. at the server startup, it assumes that the latest lease entry for the client is the valid one. The previous entries are discarded, meaning that the server can re-construct the accurate information about the leases even though there may be many lease entries for each client. However, storing many entries for each client results in a bloated lease file and impairs the performance of the server’s startup and reconfiguration, as it needs to process a larger number of lease entries.
Lease file cleanup (LFC) removes all previous entries for each client
and leaves only the latest ones. The interval at which the cleanup is
performed is configurable, and it should be selected according to the
frequency of lease renewals initiated by the clients. The more frequent
the renewals, the smaller the value of lfc-interval should be. Note,
however, that the LFC takes time and thus it is possible (although
unlikely) that, if the lfc-interval is too short, a new cleanup may
be started while the previous one is still running. The server would
recover from this by skipping the new cleanup when it detected that the
previous cleanup was still in progress. But it implies that the actual
cleanups will be triggered more rarely than configured. Moreover,
triggering a new cleanup adds overhead to the server, which will not be
able to respond to new requests for a short period of time when the new
cleanup process is spawned. Therefore, it is recommended that the
lfc-interval value be selected in a way that allows the LFC
to complete the cleanup before a new cleanup is triggered.
Lease file cleanup is performed by a separate process (in the background) to avoid a performance impact on the server process. To avoid conflicts between two processes both using the same lease files, the LFC process starts with Kea opening a new lease file; the actual LFC process operates on the lease file that is no longer used by the server. There are also other files created as a side effect of the lease file cleanup. The detailed description of the LFC process is located later in this Kea Administrator’s Reference Manual: The LFC Process.
8.2.2.2. Lease Database Configuration¶
Note
Lease database access information must be configured for the DHCPv4 server, even if it has already been configured for the DHCPv6 server. The servers store their information independently, so each server can use a separate database or both servers can use the same database.
Lease database configuration is controlled through the Dhcp4/lease-database parameters. The database type must be set to “memfile”, “mysql”, “postgresql”, or “cql”, e.g.:
"Dhcp4": { "lease-database": { "type": "mysql", ... }, ... }
Next, the name of the database to hold the leases must be set; this is the name used when the database was created (see First-Time Creation of the MySQL Database, First-Time Creation of the PostgreSQL Database, or First-Time Creation of the Cassandra Database).
"Dhcp4": { "lease-database": { "name": "database-name" , ... }, ... }
For Cassandra:
"Dhcp4": { "lease-database": { "keyspace": "database-name" , ... }, ... }
If the database is located on a different system from the DHCPv4 server, the database host name must also be specified:
"Dhcp4": { "lease-database": { "host": "remote-host-name", ... }, ... }
(It should be noted that this configuration may have a severe impact on server performance.)
Normally, the database will be on the same machine as the DHCPv4 server. In this case, set the value to the empty string:
"Dhcp4": { "lease-database": { "host" : "", ... }, ... }
Should the database use a port other than the default, it may be specified as well:
"Dhcp4": { "lease-database": { "port" : 12345, ... }, ... }
Should the database be located on a different system, the administrator may need to specify a longer interval for the connection timeout:
"Dhcp4": { "lease-database": { "connect-timeout" : timeout-in-seconds, ... }, ... }
The default value of five seconds should be more than adequate for local connections. If a timeout is given, though, it should be an integer greater than zero.
The maximum number of times the server will automatically attempt to reconnect to the lease database after connectivity has been lost may be specified:
"Dhcp4": { "lease-database": { "max-reconnect-tries" : number-of-tries, ... }, ... }
If the server is unable to reconnect to the database after making the maximum number of attempts, the server will exit. A value of zero (the default) disables automatic recovery and the server will exit immediately upon detecting a loss of connectivity (MySQL and PostgreSQL only). For Cassandra, Kea uses an interface that connects to all nodes in a cluster at the same time. Any connectivity issues should be handled by internal Cassandra mechanisms.
The number of milliseconds the server will wait between attempts to reconnect to the lease database after connectivity has been lost may also be specified:
"Dhcp4": { "lease-database": { "reconnect-wait-time" : number-of-milliseconds, ... }, ... }
The default value for MySQL and PostgreSQL is 0, which disables automatic recovery and causes the server to exit immediately upon detecting the loss of connectivity. The default value for Cassandra is 2000 ms.
Note
Automatic reconnection to database backends is configured individually per backend. This allows users to tailor the recovery parameters to each backend they use. We do suggest that users enable it either for all backends or none, so behavior is consistent. Losing connectivity to a backend for which reconnect is disabled will result in the server shutting itself down. This includes cases when the lease database backend and the hosts database backend are connected to the same database instance.
Note
Note that the host parameter is used by the MySQL and PostgreSQL backends. Cassandra has a concept of contact points that can be used to contact the cluster, instead of a single IP or hostname. It takes a list of comma-separated IP addresses, which may be specified as:
"Dhcp4": { "lease-database": { "contact-points" : "192.0.2.1,192.0.2.2", ... }, ... }
Finally, the credentials of the account under which the server will access the database should be set:
"Dhcp4": { "lease-database": { "user": "user-name",
"password": "password",
... },
... }
If there is no password to the account, set the password to the empty string “”. (This is also the default.)
8.2.2.3. Cassandra-Specific Parameters¶
The Cassandra backend is configured slightly differently. Cassandra has a concept of contact points that can be used to contact the cluster, instead of a single IP or hostname. It takes a list of comma-separated IP addresses, which may be specified as:
"Dhcp4": {
"lease-database": {
"type": "cql",
"contact-points": "ip-address1, ip-address2 [,...]",
...
},
...
}
Cassandra also supports a number of optional parameters:
reconnect-wait-time- governs how long Kea waits before attempting to reconnect. Expressed in milliseconds. The default is 2000 [ms].connect-timeout- sets the timeout for connecting to a node. Expressed in milliseconds. The default is 5000 [ms].request-timeout- sets the timeout for waiting for a response from a node. Expressed in milliseconds. The default is 12000 [ms].tcp-keepalive- governs the TCP keep-alive mechanism. Expressed in seconds of delay. If the parameter is not present, the mechanism is disabled.tcp-nodelay- enables/disables Nagle’s algorithm on connections. The default is true.consistency- configures consistency level. The default is “quorum”. Supported values: any, one, two, three, quorum, all, local-quorum, each-quorum, serial, local-serial, local-one. See Cassandra consistency for more details.serial-consistency- configures serial consistency level which manages lightweight transaction isolation. The default is “serial”. Supported values: any, one, two, three, quorum, all, local-quorum, each-quorum, serial, local-serial, local-one. See Cassandra serial consistency for more details.
For example, a complex Cassandra configuration with most parameters specified could look as follows:
"Dhcp4": {
"lease-database": {
"type": "cql",
"keyspace": "keatest",
"contact-points": "192.0.2.1, 192.0.2.2, 192.0.2.3",
"port": 9042,
"reconnect-wait-time": 2000,
"connect-timeout": 5000,
"request-timeout": 12000,
"tcp-keepalive": 1,
"tcp-nodelay": true
},
...
}
Similar parameters can be specified for the hosts database.
8.2.3. Hosts Storage¶
Kea is also able to store information about host reservations in the database. The hosts database configuration uses the same syntax as the lease database. In fact, a Kea server opens independent connections for each purpose, be it lease or hosts information. This arrangement gives the most flexibility. Kea can keep leases and host reservations separately, but can also point to the same database. Currently the supported hosts database types are MySQL, PostgreSQL, and Cassandra.
Please note that usage of hosts storage is optional. A user can define all host reservations in the configuration file, and that is the recommended way if the number of reservations is small. However, when the number of reservations grows, it is more convenient to use host storage. Please note that both storage methods (configuration file and one of the supported databases) can be used together. If hosts are defined in both places, the definitions from the configuration file are checked first and external storage is checked later, if necessary.
In fact, host information can be placed in multiple stores. Operations are performed on the stores in the order they are defined in the configuration file, although this leads to a restriction in ordering in the case of a host reservation addition; read-only stores must be configured after a (required) read-write store, or the addition will fail.
8.2.3.1. DHCPv4 Hosts Database Configuration¶
Hosts database configuration is controlled through the Dhcp4/hosts-database parameters. If enabled, the type of database must be set to “mysql” or “postgresql”.
"Dhcp4": { "hosts-database": { "type": "mysql", ... }, ... }
Next, the name of the database to hold the reservations must be set; this is the name used when the lease database was created (see Supported Backends for instructions on how to set up the desired database type):
"Dhcp4": { "hosts-database": { "name": "database-name" , ... }, ... }
If the database is located on a different system than the DHCPv4 server, the database host name must also be specified:
"Dhcp4": { "hosts-database": { "host": remote-host-name, ... }, ... }
(Again, it should be noted that this configuration may have a severe impact on server performance.)
Normally, the database will be on the same machine as the DHCPv4 server. In this case, set the value to the empty string:
"Dhcp4": { "hosts-database": { "host" : "", ... }, ... }
Should the database use a port different than the default, it may be specified as well:
"Dhcp4": { "hosts-database": { "port" : 12345, ... }, ... }
The maximum number of times the server will automatically attempt to reconnect to the host database after connectivity has been lost may be specified:
"Dhcp4": { "hosts-database": { "max-reconnect-tries" : number-of-tries, ... }, ... }
If the server is unable to reconnect to the database after making the maximum number of attempts, the server will exit. A value of zero (the default) disables automatic recovery and the server will exit immediately upon detecting a loss of connectivity (MySQL and PostgreSQL only).
The number of milliseconds the server will wait between attempts to reconnect to the host database after connectivity has been lost may also be specified:
"Dhcp4": { "hosts-database": { "reconnect-wait-time" : number-of-milliseconds, ... }, ... }
The default value for MySQL and PostgreSQL is 0, which disables automatic recovery and causes the server to exit immediately upon detecting the loss of connectivity. The default value for Cassandra is 2000 ms.
Note
Automatic reconnection to database backends is configured individually per backend. This allows users to tailor the recovery parameters to each backend they use. We do suggest that users enable it either for all backends or none, so behavior is consistent. Losing connectivity to a backend for which reconnect is disabled will result in the server shutting itself down. This includes cases when the lease database backend and the hosts database backend are connected to the same database instance.
Finally, the credentials of the account under which the server will access the database should be set:
"Dhcp4": { "hosts-database": { "user": "user-name",
"password": "password",
... },
... }
If there is no password to the account, set the password to the empty string “”. (This is also the default.)
The multiple storage extension uses a similar syntax; a configuration is placed into a “hosts-databases” list instead of into a “hosts-database” entry, as in:
"Dhcp4": { "hosts-databases": [ { "type": "mysql", ... }, ... ], ... }
For additional Cassandra-specific parameters, see Cassandra-Specific Parameters.
8.2.3.2. Using Read-Only Databases for Host Reservations with DHCPv4¶
In some deployments the database user whose name is specified in the database backend configuration may not have write privileges to the database. This is often required by the policy within a given network to secure the data from being unintentionally modified. In many cases administrators have deployed inventory databases, which contain substantially more information about the hosts than just the static reservations assigned to them. The inventory database can be used to create a view of a Kea hosts database and such a view is often read-only.
Kea host database backends operate with an implicit configuration to
both read from and write to the database. If the database user does not
have write access to the host database, the backend will fail to start
and the server will refuse to start (or reconfigure). However, if access
to a read-only host database is required for retrieving reservations
for clients and/or assigning specific addresses and options, it is
possible to explicitly configure Kea to start in “read-only” mode. This
is controlled by the readonly boolean parameter as follows:
"Dhcp4": { "hosts-database": { "readonly": true, ... }, ... }
Setting this parameter to false configures the database backend to
operate in “read-write” mode, which is also the default configuration if
the parameter is not specified.
Note
The readonly parameter is currently only supported for MySQL and
PostgreSQL databases.
8.2.4. Interface Configuration¶
The DHCPv4 server must be configured to listen on specific network interfaces. The simplest network interface configuration tells the server to listen on all available interfaces:
"Dhcp4": {
"interfaces-config": {
"interfaces": [ "*" ]
}
...
},
The asterisk plays the role of a wildcard and means “listen on all interfaces.” However, it is usually a good idea to explicitly specify interface names:
"Dhcp4": {
"interfaces-config": {
"interfaces": [ "eth1", "eth3" ]
},
...
}
It is possible to use a wildcard interface name (asterisk) concurrently with explicit interface names:
"Dhcp4": {
"interfaces-config": {
"interfaces": [ "eth1", "eth3", "*" ]
},
...
}
It is anticipated that this form of usage will only be used when it is desired to temporarily override a list of interface names and listen on all interfaces.
Some deployments of DHCP servers require that the servers listen on interfaces with multiple IPv4 addresses configured. In these situations, the address to use can be selected by appending an IPv4 address to the interface name in the following manner:
"Dhcp4": {
"interfaces-config": {
"interfaces": [ "eth1/10.0.0.1", "eth3/192.0.2.3" ]
},
...
}
Should the server be required to listen on multiple IPv4 addresses assigned to the same interface, multiple addresses can be specified for an interface as in the example below:
"Dhcp4": {
"interfaces-config": {
"interfaces": [ "eth1/10.0.0.1", "eth1/10.0.0.2" ]
},
...
}
Alternatively, if the server should listen on all addresses for the particular interface, an interface name without any address should be specified.
Kea supports responding to directly connected clients which don’t have an address configured. This requires the server to inject the hardware address of the destination into the data link layer of the packet being sent to the client. The DHCPv4 server uses raw sockets to achieve this, and builds the entire IP/UDP stack for the outgoing packets. The downside of raw socket use, however, is that incoming and outgoing packets bypass the firewalls (e.g. iptables).
Handling traffic on multiple IPv4 addresses assigned to the same interface can be a challenge, as raw sockets are bound to the interface. When the DHCP server is configured to use the raw socket on an interface to receive DHCP traffic, advanced packet filtering techniques (e.g. the BPF) must be used to receive unicast traffic on the desired addresses assigned to the interface. Whether clients use the raw socket or the UDP socket depends on whether they are directly connected (raw socket) or relayed (either raw or UDP socket).
Therefore, in deployments where the server does not need to provision the directly connected clients and only receives the unicast packets from the relay agents, the DHCP server should be configured to use UDP sockets instead of raw sockets. The following configuration demonstrates how this can be achieved:
"Dhcp4": {
"interfaces-config": {
"interfaces": [ "eth1", "eth3" ],
"dhcp-socket-type": "udp"
},
...
}
The dhcp-socket-type specifies that the IP/UDP sockets will be
opened on all interfaces on which the server listens, i.e. “eth1” and
“eth3” in our case. If dhcp-socket-type is set to raw, it
configures the server to use raw sockets instead. If the
dhcp-socket-type value is not specified, the default value raw
is used.
Using UDP sockets automatically disables the reception of broadcast packets from directly connected clients. This effectively means that UDP sockets can be used for relayed traffic only. When using raw sockets, both the traffic from the directly connected clients and the relayed traffic are handled. Caution should be taken when configuring the server to open multiple raw sockets on the interface with several IPv4 addresses assigned. If the directly connected client sends the message to the broadcast address, all sockets on this link will receive this message and multiple responses will be sent to the client. Therefore, the configuration with multiple IPv4 addresses assigned to the interface should not be used when the directly connected clients are operating on that link. To use a single address on such interface, the “interface-name/address” notation should be used.
Note
Specifying the value raw as the socket type doesn’t guarantee
that the raw sockets will be used! The use of raw sockets to handle
the traffic from the directly connected clients is currently
supported on Linux and BSD systems only. If the raw sockets are not
supported on the particular OS in use, the server will issue a warning and
fall back to using IP/UDP sockets.
In a typical environment, the DHCP server is expected to send back a
response on the same network interface on which the query was received.
This is the default behavior. However, in some deployments it is desired
that the outbound (response) packets will be sent as regular traffic and
the outbound interface will be determined by the routing tables. This
kind of asymmetric traffic is uncommon, but valid. Kea supports a
parameter called outbound-interface that controls this behavior. It
supports two values; the first one, same-as-inbound, tells Kea to
send back the response on the same interface where the query packet was
received. This is the default behavior. The second one, use-routing,
tells Kea to send regular UDP packets and let the kernel’s routing table
determine the most appropriate interface. This only works when
dhcp-socket-type is set to udp. An example configuration looks
as follows:
"Dhcp4": {
"interfaces-config": {
"interfaces": [ "eth1", "eth3" ],
"dhcp-socket-type": "udp",
"outbound-interface": "use-routing"
},
...
}
Interfaces are re-detected at each reconfiguration. This behavior can be
disabled by setting the re-detect value to false, for instance:
"Dhcp4": {
"interfaces-config": {
"interfaces": [ "eth1", "eth3" ],
"re-detect": false
},
...
}
Note that interfaces are not re-detected during config-test.
Usually loopback interfaces (e.g. the “lo” or “lo0” interface) may not be configured, but if a loopback interface is explicitely configured and IP/UDP sockets are specified, the loopback interface is accepted.
For example, it can be used to run Kea in a FreeBSD jail having only a loopback interface, to service a relayed DHCP request:
"Dhcp4": {
"interfaces-config": {
"interfaces": [ "lo0" ],
"dhcp-socket-type": "udp"
},
...
}
8.2.5. Issues with Unicast Responses to DHCPINFORM¶
The use of UDP sockets has certain benefits in deployments where the server receives only relayed traffic; these benefits are mentioned in Interface Configuration. From the administrator’s perspective it is often desirable to configure the system’s firewall to filter out unwanted traffic, and the use of UDP sockets facilitates this. However, the administrator must also be aware of the implications related to filtering certain types of traffic, as it may impair the DHCP server’s operation.
In this section we are focusing on the case when the server receives the DHCPINFORM message from the client via a relay. According to RFC 2131, the server should unicast the DHCPACK response to the address carried in the “ciaddr” field. When the UDP socket is in use, the DHCP server relies on the low-level functions of an operating system to build the data link, IP, and UDP layers of the outgoing message. Typically, the OS will first use ARP to obtain the client’s link-layer address to be inserted into the frame’s header, if the address is not cached from a previous transaction that the client had with the server. When the ARP exchange is successful, the DHCP message can be unicast to the client, using the obtained address.
Some system administrators block ARP messages in their network, which causes issues for the server when it responds to the DHCPINFORM messages because the server is unable to send the DHCPACK if the preceding ARP communication fails. Since the OS is entirely responsible for the ARP communication and then sending the DHCP packet over the wire, the DHCP server has no means to determine that the ARP exchange failed and the DHCP response message was dropped. Thus, the server does not log any error messages when the outgoing DHCP response is dropped. At the same time, all hooks pertaining to the packet-sending operation will be called, even though the message never reaches its destination.
Note that the issue described in this section is not observed when the raw sockets are in use, because, in this case, the DHCP server builds all the layers of the outgoing message on its own and does not use ARP. Instead, it inserts the value carried in the “chaddr” field of the DHCPINFORM message into the link layer.
Server administrators willing to support DHCPINFORM messages via relays should not block ARP traffic in their networks or should use raw sockets instead of UDP sockets.
8.2.6. IPv4 Subnet Identifier¶
The subnet identifier is a unique number associated with a particular subnet. In principle, it is used to associate clients’ leases with their respective subnets. When a subnet identifier is not specified for a subnet being configured, it will be automatically assigned by the configuration mechanism. The identifiers are assigned from 1 and are monotonically increased for each subsequent subnet: 1, 2, 3 ....
If there are multiple subnets configured with auto-generated identifiers and one of them is removed, the subnet identifiers may be renumbered. For example: if there are four subnets and the third is removed, the last subnet will be assigned the identifier that the third subnet had before removal. As a result, the leases stored in the lease database for subnet 3 are now associated with subnet 4, something that may have unexpected consequences. The only remedy for this issue at present is to manually specify a unique identifier for each subnet.
Note
Subnet IDs must be greater than zero and less than 4294967295.
The following configuration will assign the specified subnet identifier to a newly configured subnet:
"Dhcp4": {
"subnet4": [
{
"subnet": "192.0.2.0/24",
"id": 1024,
...
}
]
}
This identifier will not change for this subnet unless the “id” parameter is removed or set to 0. The value of 0 forces auto-generation of the subnet identifier.
8.2.7. IPv4 Subnet Prefix¶
The subnet prefix is the second way to identify a subnet. It does not need to have the address part to match the prefix length, for instance this configuration is accepted:
"Dhcp4": {
"subnet4": [
{
"subnet": "192.0.2.1/24",
...
}
]
}
Even there is another subnet with the “192.0.2.0/24” prefix: only the textual form of subnets are compared to avoid duplicates.
Note
Abuse of this feature can lead to incorrect subnet selection (see How the DHCPv4 Server Selects a Subnet for the Client).
8.2.8. Configuration of IPv4 Address Pools¶
The main role of a DHCPv4 server is address assignment. For this, the server must be configured with at least one subnet and one pool of dynamic addresses to be managed. For example, assume that the server is connected to a network segment that uses the 192.0.2.0/24 prefix. The administrator of that network decides that addresses from range 192.0.2.10 to 192.0.2.20 are going to be managed by the Dhcp4 server. Such a configuration can be achieved in the following way:
"Dhcp4": {
"subnet4": [
{
"subnet": "192.0.2.0/24",
"pools": [
{ "pool": "192.0.2.10 - 192.0.2.20" }
],
...
}
]
}
Note that subnet is defined as a simple string, but the pools
parameter is actually a list of pools; for this reason, the pool
definition is enclosed in square brackets, even though only one range of
addresses is specified.
Each pool is a structure that contains the parameters that describe
a single pool. Currently there is only one parameter, pool, which
gives the range of addresses in the pool.
It is possible to define more than one pool in a subnet; continuing the previous example, further assume that 192.0.2.64/26 should be also be managed by the server. It could be written as 192.0.2.64 to 192.0.2.127. Alternatively, it can be expressed more simply as 192.0.2.64/26. Both formats are supported by Dhcp4 and can be mixed in the pool list. For example, one could define the following pools:
"Dhcp4": {
"subnet4": [
{
"subnet": "192.0.2.0/24",
"pools": [
{ "pool": "192.0.2.10-192.0.2.20" },
{ "pool": "192.0.2.64/26" }
],
...
}
],
...
}
White space in pool definitions is ignored, so spaces before and after the hyphen are optional. They can be used to improve readability.
The number of pools is not limited, but for performance reasons it is recommended to use as few as possible.
The server may be configured to serve more than one subnet:
"Dhcp4": {
"subnet4": [
{
"subnet": "192.0.2.0/24",
"pools": [ { "pool": "192.0.2.1 - 192.0.2.200" } ],
...
},
{
"subnet": "192.0.3.0/24",
"pools": [ { "pool": "192.0.3.100 - 192.0.3.200" } ],
...
},
{
"subnet": "192.0.4.0/24",
"pools": [ { "pool": "192.0.4.1 - 192.0.4.254" } ],
...
}
]
}
When configuring a DHCPv4 server using prefix/length notation, please pay attention to the boundary values. When specifying that the server can use a given pool, it will also be able to allocate the first (typically a network address) and the last (typically a broadcast address) address from that pool. In the aforementioned example of pool 192.0.3.0/24, both the 192.0.3.0 and 192.0.3.255 addresses may be assigned as well. This may be invalid in some network configurations. To avoid this, use the “min-max” notation.
8.2.9. Sending T1 (Option 58) and T2 (Option 59)¶
According to RFC 2131, servers should send values for T1 and T2 that are 50% and 87.5% of the lease lifetime, respectively. By default, kea-dhcp4 does not send either value. It can be configured to send values that are specified explicitly or that are calculated as percentages of the lease time. The server’s behavior is governed by a combination of configuration parameters, two of which have already been mentioned. To send specific, fixed values use the following two parameters:
renew-timer- specifies the value of T1 in seconds.rebind-timer- specifies the value of T2 in seconds.
The server will only send T2 if it is less than the valid lease time. T1 will only be sent if: T2 is being sent and T1 is less than T2; or T2 is not being sent and T1 is less than the valid lease time.
Calculating the values is controlled by the following three parameters.
calculate-tee-times- when true, T1 and T2 will be calculated as percentages of the valid lease time. It defaults to false.t1-percent- the percentage of the valid lease time to use for T1. It is expressed as a real number between 0.0 and 1.0 and must be less than t2-percent. The default value is 0.50 per RFC 2131.t2-percent- the percentage of the valid lease time to use for T2. It is expressed as a real number between 0.0 and 1.0 and must be greater than t1-percent. The default value is .875 per RFC 2131.
Note
In the event that both explicit values are specified and calculate-tee-times is true, the server will use the explicit values. Administrators with a setup where some subnets or share-networks will use explicit values and some will use calculated values must not define the explicit values at any level higher than where they will be used. Inheriting them from too high a scope, such as global, will cause them to have values at every level underneath (shared-networks and subnets), effectively disabling calculated values.
8.2.10. Standard DHCPv4 Options¶
One of the major features of the DHCPv4 server is the ability to provide configuration options to clients. Most of the options are sent by the server only if the client explicitly requests them using the Parameter Request List option. Those that do not require inclusion in the Parameter Request List option are commonly used options, e.g. “Domain Server”, and options which require special behavior, e.g. “Client FQDN”, which is returned to the client if the client has included this option in its message to the server.
List of Standard DHCPv4 Options comprises the list of the standard DHCPv4 options whose values can be configured using the configuration structures described in this section. This table excludes the options which require special processing and thus cannot be configured with fixed values. The last column of the table indicates which options can be sent by the server even when they are not requested in the Parameter Request List option, and those which are sent only when explicitly requested.
The following example shows how to configure the addresses of DNS servers, which is one of the most frequently used options. Options specified in this way are considered global and apply to all configured subnets.
"Dhcp4": {
"option-data": [
{
"name": "domain-name-servers",
"code": 6,
"space": "dhcp4",
"csv-format": true,
"data": "192.0.2.1, 192.0.2.2"
},
...
]
}
Note that only one of name or code is required; there is no need to specify both. Space has a default value of “dhcp4”, so this can be skipped as well if a regular (not encapsulated) DHCPv4 option is defined. Finally, csv-format defaults to true, so it too can be skipped, unless the option value is specified as a hexadecimal string. Therefore, the above example can be simplified to:
"Dhcp4": {
"option-data": [
{
"name": "domain-name-servers",
"data": "192.0.2.1, 192.0.2.2"
},
...
]
}
Defined options are added to the response when the client requests them at a few exceptions, which are always added. To enforce the addition of a particular option, set the always-send flag to true as in:
"Dhcp4": {
"option-data": [
{
"name": "domain-name-servers",
"data": "192.0.2.1, 192.0.2.2",
"always-send": true
},
...
]
}
The effect is the same as if the client added the option code in the Parameter Request List option (or its equivalent for vendor options):
"Dhcp4": {
"option-data": [
{
"name": "domain-name-servers",
"data": "192.0.2.1, 192.0.2.2",
"always-send": true
},
...
],
"subnet4": [
{
"subnet": "192.0.3.0/24",
"option-data": [
{
"name": "domain-name-servers",
"data": "192.0.3.1, 192.0.3.2"
},
...
],
...
},
...
],
...
}
The Domain Name Servers option is always added to responses (the always-send is “sticky”), but the value is the subnet one when the client is localized in the subnet.
The name parameter specifies the option name. For a list of
currently supported names, see List of Standard DHCPv4 Options
below. The code parameter specifies the option code, which must
match one of the values from that list. The next line specifies the
option space, which must always be set to “dhcp4” as these are standard
DHCPv4 options. For other option spaces, including custom option spaces,
see Nested DHCPv4 Options (Custom Option Spaces). The next line specifies the format in
which the data will be entered; use of CSV (comma-separated values) is
recommended. The sixth line gives the actual value to be sent to
clients. The data parameter is specified as normal text, with values separated by
commas if more than one value is allowed.
Options can also be configured as hexadecimal values. If csv-format
is set to false, option data must be specified as a hexadecimal string.
The following commands configure the domain-name-servers option for all
subnets with the following addresses: 192.0.3.1 and 192.0.3.2. Note that
csv-format is set to false.
"Dhcp4": {
"option-data": [
{
"name": "domain-name-servers",
"code": 6,
"space": "dhcp4",
"csv-format": false,
"data": "C0 00 03 01 C0 00 03 02"
},
...
],
...
}
Kea supports the following formats when specifying hexadecimal data:
Delimited octets- one or more octets separated by either colons or spaces (‘:’ or ‘ ‘). While each octet may contain one or two digits, we strongly recommend always using two digits. Valid examples are “ab:cd:ef” and “ab cd ef”.String of digits- a continuous string of hexadecimal digits with or without a “0x” prefix. Valid examples are “0xabcdef” and “abcdef”.
Care should be taken to use proper encoding when using hexadecimal format; Kea’s ability to validate data correctness in hexadecimal is limited.
As of Kea 1.6.0, it is also possible to specify data for binary options as
a single-quoted text string within double quotes as shown (note that
csv-format must be set to false):
"Dhcp4": {
"option-data": [
{
"name": "user-class",
"code": 77,
"space": "dhcp4",
"csv-format": false,
"data": "'convert this text to binary'"
},
...
],
...
}
Most of the parameters in the “option-data” structure are optional and can be omitted in some circumstances, as discussed in Unspecified Parameters for DHCPv4 Option Configuration.
It is possible to specify or override options on a per-subnet basis. If clients connected to most subnets are expected to get the same values of a given option, administrators should use global options; it is possible to override specific values for a small number of subnets. On the other hand, if different values are used in each subnet, it does not make sense to specify global option values; rather, only subnet-specific ones should be set.
The following commands override the global DNS servers option for a particular subnet, setting a single DNS server with address 192.0.2.3:
"Dhcp4": {
"subnet4": [
{
"option-data": [
{
"name": "domain-name-servers",
"code": 6,
"space": "dhcp4",
"csv-format": true,
"data": "192.0.2.3"
},
...
],
...
},
...
],
...
}
In some cases it is useful to associate some options with an address pool from which a client is assigned a lease. Pool-specific option values override subnet-specific and global option values. The server’s administrator must not try to prioritize assignment of pool-specific options by trying to order pool declarations in the server configuration.
The following configuration snippet demonstrates how to specify the DNS servers option, which will be assigned to a client only if the client obtains an address from the given pool:
"Dhcp4": {
"subnet4": [
{
"pools": [
{
"pool": "192.0.2.1 - 192.0.2.200",
"option-data": [
{
"name": "domain-name-servers",
"data": "192.0.2.3"
},
...
],
...
},
...
],
...
},
...
],
...
}
Options can also be specified in class or host reservation scope. The current Kea options precedence order is (from most important): host reservation, pool, subnet, shared network, class, global.
The currently supported standard DHCPv4 options are listed in List of Standard DHCPv4 Options. “Name” and “Code” are the values that should be used as a name/code in the option-data structures. “Type” designates the format of the data; the meanings of the various types are given in List of Standard DHCP Option Types.
When a data field is a string and that string contains the comma (,; U+002C) character, the comma must be escaped with two backslashes (; U+005C). This double escape is required because both the routine splitting CSV data into fields and JSON use the same escape character; a single escape (,) would make the JSON invalid. For example, the string “foo,bar” must be represented as:
"Dhcp4": {
"subnet4": [
{
"pools": [
{
"option-data": [
{
"name": "boot-file-name",
"data": "foo\\,bar"
}
]
},
...
],
...
},
...
],
...
}
Some options are designated as arrays, which means that more than one value is allowed in such an option. For example, the option time-servers allows the specification of more than one IPv4 address, enabling clients to obtain the addresses of multiple NTP servers.
Custom DHCPv4 Options describes the configuration syntax to create custom option definitions (formats). Creation of custom definitions for standard options is generally not permitted, even if the definition being created matches the actual option format defined in the RFCs. There is an exception to this rule for standard options for which Kea currently does not provide a definition. In order to use such options, a server administrator must create a definition as described in Custom DHCPv4 Options in the “dhcp4” option space. This definition should match the option format described in the relevant RFC, but the configuration mechanism will allow any option format as it currently has no means to validate it.
| Name | Code | Type | Array? | Returned if not requested? |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| time-offset | 2 | int32 | false | false |
| routers | 3 | ipv4-address | true | true |
| time-servers | 4 | ipv4-address | true | false |
| name-servers | 5 | ipv4-address | true | false |
| domain-name-servers | 6 | ipv4-address | true | true |
| log-servers | 7 | ipv4-address | true | false |
| cookie-servers | 8 | ipv4-address | true | false |
| lpr-servers | 9 | ipv4-address | true | false |
| impress-servers | 10 | ipv4-address | true | false |
| resource-location-servers | 11 | ipv4-address | true | false |
| boot-size | 13 | uint16 | false | false |
| merit-dump | 14 | string | false | false |
| domain-name | 15 | fqdn | false | true |
| swap-server | 16 | ipv4-address | false | false |
| root-path | 17 | string | false | false |
| extensions-path | 18 | string | false | false |
| ip-forwarding | 19 | boolean | false | false |
| non-local-source-routing | 20 | boolean | false | false |
| policy-filter | 21 | ipv4-address | true | false |
| max-dgram-reassembly | 22 | uint16 | false | false |
| default-ip-ttl | 23 | uint8 | false | false |
| path-mtu-aging-timeout | 24 | uint32 | false | false |
| path-mtu-plateau-table | 25 | uint16 | true | false |
| interface-mtu | 26 | uint16 | false | false |
| all-subnets-local | 27 | boolean | false | false |
| broadcast-address | 28 | ipv4-address | false | false |
| perform-mask-discovery | 29 | boolean | false | false |
| mask-supplier | 30 | boolean | false | false |
| router-discovery | 31 | boolean | false | false |
| router-solicitation-address | 32 | ipv4-address | false | false |
| static-routes | 33 | ipv4-address | true | false |
| trailer-encapsulation | 34 | boolean | false | false |
| arp-cache-timeout | 35 | uint32 | false | false |
| ieee802-3-encapsulation | 36 | boolean | false | false |
| default-tcp-ttl | 37 | uint8 | false | false |
| tcp-keepalive-interval | 38 | uint32 | false | false |
| tcp-keepalive-garbage | 39 | boolean | false | false |
| nis-domain | 40 | string | false | false |
| nis-servers | 41 | ipv4-address | true | false |
| ntp-servers | 42 | ipv4-address | true | false |
| vendor-encapsulated-options | 43 | empty | false | false |
| netbios-name-servers | 44 | ipv4-address | true | false |
| netbios-dd-server | 45 | ipv4-address | true | false |
| netbios-node-type | 46 | uint8 | false | false |
| netbios-scope | 47 | string | false | false |
| font-servers | 48 | ipv4-address | true | false |
| x-display-manager | 49 | ipv4-address | true | false |
| dhcp-option-overload | 52 | uint8 | false | false |
| dhcp-server-identifier | 54 | ipv4-address | false | true |
| dhcp-message | 56 | string | false | false |
| dhcp-max-message-size | 57 | uint16 | false | false |
| vendor-class-identifier | 60 | string | false | false |
| nwip-domain-name | 62 | string | false | false |
| nwip-suboptions | 63 | binary | false | false |
| nisplus-domain-name | 64 | string | false | false |
| nisplus-servers | 65 | ipv4-address | true | false |
| tftp-server-name | 66 | string | false | false |
| boot-file-name | 67 | string | false | false |
| mobile-ip-home-agent | 68 | ipv4-address | true | false |
| smtp-server | 69 | ipv4-address | true | false |
| pop-server | 70 | ipv4-address | true | false |
| nntp-server | 71 | ipv4-address | true | false |
| www-server | 72 | ipv4-address | true | false |
| finger-server | 73 | ipv4-address | true | false |
| irc-server | 74 | ipv4-address | true | false |
| streettalk-server | 75 | ipv4-address | true | false |
| streettalk-directory-assistance-server | 76 | ipv4-address | true | false |
| user-class | 77 | binary | false | false |
| slp-directory-agent | 78 | record (boolean, ipv4-address) | true | false |
| slp-service-scope | 79 | record (boolean, string) | false | false |
| nds-server | 85 | ipv4-address | true | false |
| nds-tree-name | 86 | string | false | false |
| nds-context | 87 | string | false | false |
| bcms-controller-names | 88 | fqdn | true | false |
| bcms-controller-address | 89 | ipv4-address | true | false |
| client-system | 93 | uint16 | true | false |
| client-ndi | 94 | record (uint8, uint8, uint8) | false | false |
| uuid-guid | 97 | record (uint8, binary) | false | false |
| uap-servers | 98 | string | false | false |
| geoconf-civic | 99 | binary | false | false |
| pcode | 100 | string | false | false |
| tcode | 101 | string | false | false |
| netinfo-server-address | 112 | ipv4-address | true | false |
| netinfo-server-tag | 113 | string | false | false |
| default-url | 114 | string | false | false |
| auto-config | 116 | uint8 | false | false |
| name-service-search | 117 | uint16 | true | false |
| subnet-selection | 118 | ipv4-address | false | false |
| domain-search | 119 | fqdn | true | false |
| vivco-suboptions | 124 | binary | false | false |
| vivso-suboptions | 125 | binary | false | false |
| pana-agent | 136 | ipv4-address | true | false |
| v4-lost | 137 | fqdn | false | false |
| capwap-ac-v4 | 138 | ipv4-address | true | false |
| sip-ua-cs-domains | 141 | fqdn | true | false |
| rdnss-selection | 146 | record (uint8, ipv4-address, ipv4-address, fqdn) | true | false |
| v4-portparams | 159 | record (uint8, psid) | false | false |
| v4-captive-portal | 160 | string | false | false |
| option-6rd | 212 | record (uint8, uint8, ipv6-address, ipv4-address) | true | false |
| v4-access-domain | 213 | fqdn | false | false |
| Name | Meaning |
|---|---|
| binary | An arbitrary string of bytes, specified as a set of hexadecimal digits. |
| boolean | A boolean value with allowed values true or false. |
| empty | No value; data is carried in sub-options. |
| fqdn | Fully qualified domain name (e.g. www.example.com). |
| ipv4-address | IPv4 address in the usual dotted-decimal notation (e.g. 192.0.2.1). |
| ipv6-address | IPv6 address in the usual colon notation (e.g. 2001:db8::1). |
| ipv6-prefix | IPv6 prefix and prefix length specified using CIDR notation, e.g. 2001:db8:1::/64. This data type is used to represent an 8-bit field conveying a prefix length and the variable length prefix value. |
| psid | PSID and PSID length separated by a slash, e.g. 3/4 specifies PSID=3 and PSID length=4. In the wire format it is represented by an 8-bit field carrying PSID length (in this case equal to 4) and the 16-bits-long PSID value field (in this case equal to “0011000000000000b” using binary notation). Allowed values for a PSID length are 0 to 16. See RFC 7597 for details about the PSID wire representation. |
| record | Structured data that may be comprised of any types (except “record” and “empty”). The array flag applies to the last field only. |
| string | Any text. Please note that Kea will silently discard any terminating/trailing nulls from the end of ‘string’ options when unpacking received packets. This is in keeping with RFC 2132, Section 2. |
| tuple | A length encoded as an 8- (16- for DHCPv6) bit unsigned integer followed by a string of this length. |
| uint8 | 8-bit unsigned integer with allowed values 0 to 255. |
| uint16 | 16-bit unsigned integer with allowed values 0 to 65535. |
| uint32 | 32-bit unsigned integer with allowed values 0 to 4294967295. |
| int8 | 8-bit signed integer with allowed values -128 to 127. |
| int16 | 16-bit signed integer with allowed values -32768 to 32767. |
| int32 | 32-bit signed integer with allowed values -2147483648 to 2147483647. |
8.2.11. Custom DHCPv4 Options¶
Kea supports custom (non-standard) DHCPv4 options. Assume that we want to define a new DHCPv4 option called “foo” which will have code 222 and will convey a single, unsigned, 32-bit integer value. We can define such an option by putting the following entry in the configuration file:
"Dhcp4": {
"option-def": [
{
"name": "foo",
"code": 222,
"type": "uint32",
"array": false,
"record-types": "",
"space": "dhcp4",
"encapsulate": ""
}, ...
],
...
}
The false value of the array parameter determines that the
option does NOT comprise an array of “uint32” values but is, instead, a
single value. Two other parameters have been left blank:
record-types and encapsulate. The former specifies the
comma-separated list of option data fields, if the option comprises a
record of data fields. The record-types value should be non-empty if
type is set to “record”; otherwise it must be left blank. The latter
parameter specifies the name of the option space being encapsulated by
the particular option. If the particular option does not encapsulate any
option space, the parameter should be left blank. Note that the option-def
configuration statement only defines the format of an option and does
not set its value(s).
The name, code, and type parameters are required; all others
are optional. The array default value is false. The
record-types and encapsulate default values are blank (i.e. “”).
The default space is “dhcp4”.
Once the new option format is defined, its value is set in the same way as for a standard option. For example, the following commands set a global value that applies to all subnets.
"Dhcp4": {
"option-data": [
{
"name": "foo",
"code": 222,
"space": "dhcp4",
"csv-format": true,
"data": "12345"
}, ...
],
...
}
New options can take more complex forms than simple use of primitives (uint8, string, ipv4-address, etc.); it is possible to define an option comprising a number of existing primitives.
For example, assume we want to define a new option that will consist of an IPv4 address, followed by an unsigned 16-bit integer, followed by a boolean value, followed by a text string. Such an option could be defined in the following way:
"Dhcp4": {
"option-def": [
{
"name": "bar",
"code": 223,
"space": "dhcp4",
"type": "record",
"array": false,
"record-types": "ipv4-address, uint16, boolean, string",
"encapsulate": ""
}, ...
],
...
}
The type is set to “record” to indicate that the option contains
multiple values of different types. These types are given as a
comma-separated list in the record-types field and should be ones
from those listed in List of Standard DHCP Option Types.
The values of the option are set in an option-data statement as follows:
"Dhcp4": {
"option-data": [
{
"name": "bar",
"space": "dhcp4",
"code": 223,
"csv-format": true,
"data": "192.0.2.100, 123, true, Hello World"
}
],
...
}
csv-format is set to true to indicate that the data field
comprises a comma-separated list of values. The values in data
must correspond to the types set in the record-types field of the
option definition.
When array is set to true and type is set to “record”, the
last field is an array, i.e. it can contain more than one value, as in:
"Dhcp4": {
"option-def": [
{
"name": "bar",
"code": 223,
"space": "dhcp4",
"type": "record",
"array": true,
"record-types": "ipv4-address, uint16",
"encapsulate": ""
}, ...
],
...
}
The new option content is one IPv4 address followed by one or more 16- bit unsigned integers.
Note
In general, boolean values are specified as true or false,
without quotes. Some specific boolean parameters may also accept
"true", "false", 0, 1, "0", and "1".
Note
Numbers can be specified in decimal or hexadecimal format. The hexadecimal format can be either plain (e.g. abcd) or prefixed with 0x (e.g. 0xabcd).
8.2.12. DHCPv4 Private Options¶
Options with a code between 224 and 254 are reserved for private use. They can be defined at the global scope or at the client-class local scope; this allows option definitions to be used depending on context and option data to be set accordingly. For instance, to configure an old PXEClient vendor:
"Dhcp4": {
"client-classes": [
{
"name": "pxeclient",
"test": "option[vendor-class-identifier].text == 'PXEClient'",
"option-def": [
{
"name": "configfile",
"code": 209,
"type": "string"
}
],
...
}, ...
],
...
}
As the Vendor-Specific Information option (code 43) has vendor-specific format, i.e. can carry either raw binary value or sub-options, this mechanism is available for this option too.
In the following example taken from a real configuration, two vendor classes use the option 43 for different and incompatible purposes:
"Dhcp4": {
"option-def": [
{
"name": "cookie",
"code": 1,
"type": "string",
"space": "APC"
},
{
"name": "mtftp-ip",
"code": 1,
"type": "ipv4-address",
"space": "PXE"
},
...
],
"client-classes": [
{
"name": "APC",
"test": "(option[vendor-class-identifier].text == 'APC'",
"option-def": [
{
"name": "vendor-encapsulated-options",
"type": "empty",
"encapsulate": "APC"
}
],
"option-data": [
{
"name": "cookie",
"space": "APC",
"data": "1APC"
},
{
"name": "vendor-encapsulated-options"
},
...
],
...
},
{
"name": "PXE",
"test": "(option[vendor-class-identifier].text == 'PXE'",
"option-def": [
{
"name": "vendor-encapsulated-options",
"type": "empty",
"encapsulate": "PXE"
}
],
"option-data": [
{
"name": "mtftp-ip",
"space": "PXE",
"data": "0.0.0.0"
},
{
"name": "vendor-encapsulated-options"
},
...
],
...
},
...
],
...
}
The definition used to decode a VSI option is:
- The local definition of a client class the incoming packet belongs to;
- If none, the global definition;
- If none, the last-resort definition described in the next section, DHCPv4 Vendor-Specific Options (backward-compatible with previous Kea versions).
Note
This last-resort definition for the Vendor-Specific Information option (code 43) is not compatible with a raw binary value. When there are known cases where a raw binary value will be used, a client class must be defined with both a classification expression matching these cases and an option definition for the VSI option with a binary type and no encapsulation.
Note
By default, in the Vendor-Specific Information option (code 43) sub-option code 0 and 255 mean PAD and END respectively according to RFC 2132. In other words, the sub-option code values of 0 and 255 are reserved. Kea does, however, allow you to define sub-option codes from 0 to 255. If you define sub-options with codes 0 and/or 255, bytes with that value will no longer be treated as a PAD or an END, but as the sub-option code when parsing a VSI option in an incoming query.
Option 43 input processing (aka unpacking) is deferred so that it happens after classification. This means you cannot classify clients using option 43 suboptions. The definition used to unpack option 43 is determined as follows:
- If defined at the global scope this definition is used
- If defined at client class scope and the packet belongs to this class the client class definition is used
- If not defined at global scope nor in a client class to which the packet belongs, the built-in last resort definition is used. This definition only says the sub-option space is “vendor-encapsulated-options-space”
The output definition selection is a bit simpler:
- If the packet belongs to a client class which defines the option 43 use this definition
- If defined at the global scope use this definition
- Otherwise use the built-in last resot definition.
Note as they use a specific/per vendor option space the sub-options are defined at the global scope.
Note
Option definitions in client classes are allowed only for this limited option set (codes 43 and from 224 to 254), and only for DHCPv4.
8.2.13. DHCPv4 Vendor-Specific Options¶
Currently there are two option spaces defined for the DHCPv4 daemon: “dhcp4” (for the top-level DHCPv4 options) and “vendor-encapsulated-options-space”, which is empty by default but in which options can be defined. Those options are carried in the Vendor-Specific Information option (code 43). The following examples show how to define an option “foo” with code 1 that comprises an IPv4 address, an unsigned 16-bit integer, and a string. The “foo” option is conveyed in a Vendor-Specific Information option.
The first step is to define the format of the option:
"Dhcp4": {
"option-def": [
{
"name": "foo",
"code": 1,
"space": "vendor-encapsulated-options-space",
"type": "record",
"array": false,
"record-types": "ipv4-address, uint16, string",
"encapsulate": ""
}
],
...
}
(Note that the option space is set to
vendor-encapsulated-options-space.) Once the option format is defined,
the next step is to define actual values for that option:
"Dhcp4": {
"option-data": [
{
"name": "foo",
"space": "vendor-encapsulated-options-space",
"code": 1,
"csv-format": true,
"data": "192.0.2.3, 123, Hello World"
}
],
...
}
We also include the Vendor-Specific Information option, the option that conveys our suboption “foo”. This is required; otherwise, the option will not be included in messages sent to the client.
"Dhcp4": {
"option-data": [
{
"name": "vendor-encapsulated-options"
}
],
...
}
Alternatively, the option can be specified using its code.
"Dhcp4": {
"option-data": [
{
"code": 43
}
],
...
}
Another popular option that is often somewhat imprecisely called “vendor option” is option 125. Its proper name is vendor-independent vendor-specific information option or vivso. The idea behind those options is that each vendor has its own unique set of options with their own custom formats. The vendor is identified by a 32-bit unsigned integer called enterprise-id or vendor-id. For example, vivso with vendor-id 4491 represents DOCSIS options, and they are often seen when dealing with cable modems.
In Kea each vendor is represented by its own vendor space. Since there are hundreds of vendors and sometimes they use different option definitions for different hardware, it’s impossible for Kea to support them all out of the box. Fortunately, it’s easy to define support for new vendor options. Let’s take an example of the Genexis home gateway. This device requires sending the vivso 125 option with a suboption 2 that contains a string with the TFTP server URL. To support such a device, three steps are needed: first, we need to define option definitions that will explain how the option is supposed to be formed. Second, we will need to define option values. Third, we will need to tell Kea when to send those specific options. This last step will be accomplished with client classification.
An example snippet of a configuration could look similar to the following:
{
// First, we need to define that the suboption 2 in vivso option for
// vendor-id 25167 has a specific format (it's a plain string in this example).
// After this definition, we can specify values for option tftp.
"option-def": [
{
// We define a short name, so the option can be referenced by name.
// The option has code 2 and resides within vendor space 25167.
// Its data is a plain string.
"name": "tftp",
"code": 2,
"space": "vendor-25167",
"type": "string"
} ],
"client-classes": [
{
// We now need to tell Kea how to recognize when to use vendor space 25167.
// Usually we can use a simple expression, such as checking if the device
// sent a vivso option with specific vendor-id, e.g. "vendor[4491].exists".
// Unfortunately, Genexis is a bit unusual in this aspect, because it
// doesn't send vivso. In this case we need to look into the vendor class
// (option code 60) and see if there's a specific string that identifies
// the device.
"name": "cpe_genexis",
"test": "substring(option[60].hex,0,7) == 'HMC1000'",
// Once the device is recognized, we want to send two options:
// the vivso option with vendor-id set to 25167, and a suboption 2.
"option-data": [
{
"name": "vivso-suboptions",
"data": "25167",
"encapsulate": "vendor-25167"
},
// The suboption 2 value is defined as any other option. However,
// we want to send this suboption 2, even when the client didn't
// explicitly request it (often there is no way to do that for
// vendor options). Therefore we use always-send to force Kea
// to always send this option when 25167 vendor space is involved.
{
"name": "tftp",
"space": "vendor-25167",
"data": "tftp://192.0.2.1/genexis/HMC1000.v1.3.0-R.img",
"always-send": true
}
]
} ]
}
By default Kea sends back
only those options that are requested by a client, unless there are
protocol rules that tell the DHCP server to always send an option. This
approach works nicely for most cases and avoids problems with clients
refusing responses with options they don’t understand. Unfortunately,
this is more complex when we consider vendor options. Some vendors (such
as docsis, identified by vendor option 4491) have a mechanism to
request specific vendor options and Kea is able to honor those.
Unfortunately, for many other vendors, such as Genexis (25167) as discussed
above, Kea does not have such a mechanism, so it can’t send any
sub-options on its own. To solve this issue, we came up with the concept of
persistent options. Kea can be told to always send options, even if the
client did not request them. This can be achieved by adding
"always-send": true to the option definition. Note that in this
particular case an option is defined in vendor space 25167. With the
“always-send” enabled, the option will be sent every time there is a
need to deal with vendor space 25167.
Another possibility is to redefine the option; see DHCPv4 Private Options.
8.2.14. Nested DHCPv4 Options (Custom Option Spaces)¶
It is sometimes useful to define a completely new option space, such as when a user creates a new option in the standard option space (“dhcp4”) and wants this option to convey sub-options. Since they are in a separate space, sub-option codes will have a separate numbering scheme and may overlap with the codes of standard options.
Note that the creation of a new option space is not required when defining sub-options for a standard option, because one is created by default if the standard option is meant to convey any sub-options (see DHCPv4 Vendor-Specific Options).
Assume that we want to have a DHCPv4 option called “container” with code 222 that conveys two sub-options with codes 1 and 2. First we need to define the new sub-options:
"Dhcp4": {
"option-def": [
{
"name": "subopt1",
"code": 1,
"space": "isc",
"type": "ipv4-address",
"record-types": "",
"array": false,
"encapsulate": ""
},
{
"name": "subopt2",
"code": 2,
"space": "isc",
"type": "string",
"record-types": "",
"array": false,
"encapsulate": ""
}
],
...
}
Note that we have defined the options to belong to a new option space (in this case, “isc”).
The next step is to define a regular DHCPv4 option with the desired code and specify that it should include options from the new option space:
"Dhcp4": {
"option-def": [
...,
{
"name": "container",
"code": 222,
"space": "dhcp4",
"type": "empty",
"array": false,
"record-types": "",
"encapsulate": "isc"
}
],
...
}
The name of the option space in which the sub-options are defined is set
in the encapsulate field. The type field is set to empty, to
indicate that this option does not carry any data other than
sub-options.
Finally, we can set values for the new options:
"Dhcp4": {
"option-data": [
{
"name": "subopt1",
"code": 1,
"space": "isc",
"data": "192.0.2.3"
},
}
"name": "subopt2",
"code": 2,
"space": "isc",
"data": "Hello world"
},
{
"name": "container",
"code": 222,
"space": "dhcp4"
}
],
...
}
Note that it is possible to create an option which carries some data in
addition to the sub-options defined in the encapsulated option space.
For example, if the “container” option from the previous example were
required to carry a uint16 value as well as the sub-options, the
type value would have to be set to “uint16” in the option
definition. (Such an option would then have the following data
structure: DHCP header, uint16 value, sub-options.) The value specified
with the data parameter — which should be a valid integer enclosed
in quotes, e.g. “123” — would then be assigned to the uint16 field in
the “container” option.
8.2.15. Unspecified Parameters for DHCPv4 Option Configuration¶
In many cases it is not required to specify all parameters for an option configuration, and the default values can be used. However, it is important to understand the implications of not specifying some of them, as it may result in configuration errors. The list below explains the behavior of the server when a particular parameter is not explicitly specified:
name- the server requires either an option name or an option code to identify an option. If this parameter is unspecified, the option code must be specified.code- the server requires either an option name or an option code to identify an option. This parameter may be left unspecified if thenameparameter is specified. However, this also requires that the particular option have a definition (either as a standard option or an administrator-created definition for the option using an ‘option-def’ structure), as the option definition associates an option with a particular name. It is possible to configure an option for which there is no definition (unspecified option format). Configuration of such options requires the use of the option code.space- if the option space is unspecified it will default to ‘dhcp4’, which is an option space holding standard DHCPv4 options.data- if the option data is unspecified it defaults to an empty value. The empty value is mostly used for the options which have no payload (boolean options), but it is legal to specify empty values for some options which carry variable-length data and for which the specification allows a length of 0. For such options, the data parameter may be omitted in the configuration.csv-format- if this value is not specified, the server will assume that the option data is specified as a list of comma-separated values to be assigned to individual fields of the DHCP option.
8.2.16. Stateless Configuration of DHCPv4 Clients¶
The DHCPv4 server supports the stateless client configuration whereby the client has an IP address configured (e.g. using manual configuration) and only contacts the server to obtain other configuration parameters, such as addresses of DNS servers. In order to obtain the stateless configuration parameters, the client sends the DHCPINFORM message to the server with the “ciaddr” set to the address that the client is currently using. The server unicasts the DHCPACK message to the client that includes the stateless configuration (“yiaddr” not set).
The server will respond to the DHCPINFORM when the client is associated with a subnet defined in the server’s configuration. An example subnet configuration will look like this:
"Dhcp4": {
"subnet4": [
{
"subnet": "192.0.2.0/24"
"option-data": [ {
"name": "domain-name-servers",
"code": 6,
"data": "192.0.2.200,192.0.2.201",
"csv-format": true,
"space": "dhcp4"
} ]
}
]
}
This subnet specifies the single option which will be included in the DHCPACK message to the client in response to DHCPINFORM. Note that the subnet definition does not require the address pool configuration if it will be used solely for the stateless configuration.
This server will associate the subnet with the client if one of the following conditions is met:
- The DHCPINFORM is relayed and the giaddr matches the configured subnet.
- The DHCPINFORM is unicast from the client and the ciaddr matches the configured subnet.
- The DHCPINFORM is unicast from the client and the ciaddr is not set, but the source address of the IP packet matches the configured subnet.
- The DHCPINFORM is not relayed and the IP address on the interface on which the message is received matches the configured subnet.
8.2.17. Client Classification in DHCPv4¶
The DHCPv4 server includes support for client classification. For a deeper discussion of the classification process see Client Classification.
In certain cases it is useful to configure the server to differentiate between DHCP client types and treat them accordingly. Client classification can be used to modify the behavior of almost any part of the DHCP message processing. Kea currently offers client classification via private options and option 43 deferred unpacking; subnet selection; pool selection; assignment of different options; and, for cable modems, specific options for use with the TFTP server address and the boot file field.
Kea can be instructed to limit access to given subnets based on class information. This is particularly useful for cases where two types of devices share the same link and are expected to be served from two different subnets. The primary use case for such a scenario is cable networks, where there are two classes of devices: the cable modem itself, which should be handed a lease from subnet A; and all other devices behind the modem, which should get a lease from subnet B. That segregation is essential to prevent overly curious users from playing with their cable modems. For details on how to set up class restrictions on subnets, see Configuring Subnets With Class Information.
When subnets belong to a shared network, the classification applies to subnet selection but not to pools; that is, a pool in a subnet limited to a particular class can still be used by clients which do not belong to the class, if the pool they are expected to use is exhausted. So the limit on access based on class information is also available at the pool level; see Configuring Pools With Class Information, within a subnet. This is useful when segregating clients belonging to the same subnet into different address ranges.
In a similar way, a pool can be constrained to serve only known clients, i.e. clients which have a reservation, using the built-in “KNOWN” or “UNKNOWN” classes. Addresses can be assigned to registered clients without giving a different address per reservation, for instance when there are not enough available addresses. The determination whether there is a reservation for a given client is made after a subnet is selected, so it is not possible to use “KNOWN”/”UNKNOWN” classes to select a shared network or a subnet.
The process of classification is conducted in five steps. The first step is to assess an incoming packet and assign it to zero or more classes. The second step is to choose a subnet, possibly based on the class information. When the incoming packet is in the special class, “DROP”, it is dropped and an debug message logged. The next step is to evaluate class expressions depending on the built-in “KNOWN”/”UNKNOWN” classes after host reservation lookup, using them for pool selection and assigning classes from host reservations. The list of required classes is then built and each class of the list has its expression evaluated; when it returns “true” the packet is added as a member of the class. The last step is to assign options, again possibly based on the class information. More complete and detailed information is available in Client Classification.
There are two main methods of classification. The first is automatic and relies on examining the values in the vendor class options or the existence of a host reservation. Information from these options is extracted, and a class name is constructed from it and added to the class list for the packet. The second specifies an expression that is evaluated for each packet. If the result is “true”, the packet is a member of the class.
Note
Care should be taken with client classification, as it is easy for clients that do not meet class criteria to be denied all service.
8.2.17.1. Setting Fixed Fields in Classification¶
It is possible to specify that clients belonging to a particular class
should receive packets with specific values in certain fixed fields. In
particular, three fixed fields are supported: next-server (conveys
an IPv4 address, which is set in the siaddr field), server-hostname
(conveys a server hostname, can be up to 64 bytes long, and is sent in
the sname field) and boot-file-name (conveys the configuration file,
can be up to 128 bytes long, and is sent using the file field).
Obviously, there are many ways to assign clients to specific classes, but for PXE clients the client architecture type option (code 93) seems to be particularly suited to make the distinction. The following example checks whether the client identifies itself as a PXE device with architecture EFI x86-64, and sets several fields if it does. See Section 2.1 of RFC 4578) or the client documentation for specific values.
"Dhcp4": {
"client-classes": [
{
"name": "ipxe_efi_x64",
"test": "option[93].hex == 0x0009",
"next-server": "192.0.2.254",
"server-hostname": "hal9000",
"boot-file-name": "/dev/null"
},
...
],
...
}
If there are multiple classes defined and an incoming packet is matched to multiple classes, the class that is evaluated first is used.
Note
The classes are ordered as specified in the configuration.
8.2.17.2. Using Vendor Class Information in Classification¶
The server checks whether an incoming packet includes the vendor class identifier option (60). If it does, the content of that option is prepended with “VENDOR_CLASS_”, and it is interpreted as a class. For example, modern cable modems will send this option with value “docsis3.0” and as a result the packet will belong to class “VENDOR_CLASS_docsis3.0”.
Note
Certain special actions for clients in VENDOR_CLASS_docsis3.0 can be achieved by defining VENDOR_CLASS_docsis3.0 and setting its next-server and boot-file-name values appropriately.
This example shows a configuration using an automatically generated “VENDOR_CLASS_” class. The administrator of the network has decided that addresses from range 192.0.2.10 to 192.0.2.20 are going to be managed by the Dhcp4 server and only clients belonging to the docsis3.0 client class are allowed to use that pool.
"Dhcp4": {
"subnet4": [
{
"subnet": "192.0.2.0/24",
"pools": [ { "pool": "192.0.2.10 - 192.0.2.20" } ],
"client-class": "VENDOR_CLASS_docsis3.0"
}
],
...
}
8.2.17.3. Defining and Using Custom Classes¶
The following example shows how to configure a class using an expression and a subnet using that class. This configuration defines the class named “Client_foo”. It is comprised of all clients whose client ids (option 61) start with the string “foo”. Members of this class will be given addresses from 192.0.2.10 to 192.0.2.20 and the addresses of their DNS servers set to 192.0.2.1 and 192.0.2.2.
"Dhcp4": {
"client-classes": [
{
"name": "Client_foo",
"test": "substring(option[61].hex,0,3) == 'foo'",
"option-data": [
{
"name": "domain-name-servers",
"code": 6,
"space": "dhcp4",
"csv-format": true,
"data": "192.0.2.1, 192.0.2.2"
}
]
},
...
],
"subnet4": [
{
"subnet": "192.0.2.0/24",
"pools": [ { "pool": "192.0.2.10 - 192.0.2.20" } ],
"client-class": "Client_foo"
},
...
],
...
}
8.2.17.4. Required Classification¶
In some cases it is useful to limit the scope of a class to a shared network, subnet, or pool. There are two parameters which are used to limit the scope of the class by instructing the server to evaluate test expressions when required.
The first one is the per-class only-if-required flag, which is false
by default. When it is set to true, the test expression of the class
is not evaluated at the reception of the incoming packet but later, and
only if the class evaluation is required.
The second is require-client-classes, which takes a list of class
names and is valid in shared-network, subnet, and pool scope. Classes in
these lists are marked as required and evaluated after selection of this
specific shared network/subnet/pool and before output option processing.
In this example, a class is assigned to the incoming packet when the specified subnet is used:
"Dhcp4": {
"client-classes": [
{
"name": "Client_foo",
"test": "member('ALL')",
"only-if-required": true
},
...
],
"subnet4": [
{
"subnet": "192.0.2.0/24",
"pools": [ { "pool": "192.0.2.10 - 192.0.2.20" } ],
"require-client-classes": [ "Client_foo" ],
...
},
...
],
...
}
Required evaluation can be used to express complex dependencies like subnet membership. It can also be used to reverse the precedence; if an option-data is set in a subnet, it takes precedence over an option-data in a class. If the option-data is moved to a required class and required in the subnet, a class evaluated earlier may take precedence.
Required evaluation is also available at the shared-network and pool levels. The order in which required classes are considered is: shared-network, subnet, and pool, i.e. in the opposite order in which option-data is processed.
8.2.18. DDNS for DHCPv4¶
As mentioned earlier, kea-dhcp4 can be configured to generate requests to the DHCP-DDNS server (referred to here as “D2”) to update DNS entries. These requests are known as Name Change Requests or NCRs. Each NCR contains the following information:
- Whether it is a request to add (update) or remove DNS entries
- Whether the change requests forward DNS updates (A records), reverse DNS updates (PTR records), or both
- The Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN), lease address, and DHCID (information identifying the client associated with the FQDN)
The parameters for controlling the generation of NCRs for submission to
D2 are contained in the dhcp-ddns section of the kea-dhcp4 server
configuration. The mandatory parameters for the DHCP DDNS configuration
are enable-updates, which is unconditionally required, and
qualifying-suffix, which has no default value and is required when
enable-updates is set to true. The two (disabled and enabled)
minimal DHCP DDNS configurations are:
"Dhcp4": {
"dhcp-ddns": {
"enable-updates": false
},
...
}
and for example:
"Dhcp4": {
"dhcp-ddns": {
"enable-updates": true,
"qualifying-suffix": "example."
},
...
}
The default values for the “dhcp-ddns” section are as follows:
"server-ip": "127.0.0.1""server-port": 53001"sender-ip": """sender-port": 0"max-queue-size": 1024"ncr-protocol": "UDP""ncr-format": "JSON""override-no-update": false"override-client-update": false"replace-client-name": "never""generated-prefix": "myhost""hostname-char-set": """hostname-char-replacement": ""
8.2.18.1. DHCP-DDNS Server Connectivity¶
For NCRs to reach the D2 server, kea-dhcp4 must be able to communicate with it. kea-dhcp4 uses the following configuration parameters to control this communication:
enable-updates- this determines whether kea-dhcp4 will generate NCRs. By default, this value is false, so DDNS updates are disabled. To enable DDNS updates set this value to true.server-ip- the IP address on which D2 listens for requests. The default is the local loopback interface at address 127.0.0.1. Either an IPv4 or IPv6 address may be specified.server-port- the port on which D2 listens for requests. The default value is 53001.sender-ip- the IP address which kea-dhcp4 uses to send requests to D2. The default value is blank, which instructs kea-dhcp4 to select a suitable address.sender-port- the port which kea-dhcp4 uses to send requests to D2. The default value of 0 instructs kea-dhcp4 to select a suitable port.max-queue-size- the maximum number of requests allowed to queue waiting to be sent to D2. This value guards against requests accumulating uncontrollably if they are being generated faster than they can be delivered. If the number of requests queued for transmission reaches this value, DDNS updating will be turned off until the queue backlog has been sufficiently reduced. The intent is to allow the kea-dhcp4 server to continue lease operations without running the risk that its memory usage grows without limit. The default value is 1024.ncr-protocol- the socket protocol to use when sending requests to D2. Currently only UDP is supported.ncr-format- the packet format to use when sending requests to D2. Currently only JSON format is supported.
By default, kea-dhcp-ddns is assumed to be running on the same machine as kea-dhcp4, and all of the default values mentioned above should be sufficient. If, however, D2 has been configured to listen on a different address or port, these values must be altered accordingly. For example, if D2 has been configured to listen on 192.168.1.10 port 900, the following configuration is required:
"Dhcp4": {
"dhcp-ddns": {
"server-ip": "192.168.1.10",
"server-port": 900,
...
},
...
}
8.2.18.2. When Does the kea-dhcp4 Server Generate a DDNS Request?¶
kea-dhcp4 follows the behavior prescribed for DHCP servers in RFC
4702. It is important to keep in
mind that kea-dhcp4 makes the initial decision of when and what to
update and forwards that information to D2 in the form of NCRs. Carrying
out the actual DNS updates and dealing with such things as conflict
resolution are within the purview of D2 itself
(see The DHCP-DDNS Server). This section describes when kea-dhcp4
will generate NCRs and the configuration parameters that can be used to
influence this decision. It assumes that the enable-updates
parameter is true.
In general, kea-dhcp4 will generate DDNS update requests when:
- A new lease is granted in response to a DHCPREQUEST;
- An existing lease is renewed but the FQDN associated with it has changed; or
- An existing lease is released in response to a DHCPRELEASE.
In the second case, lease renewal, two DDNS requests will be issued: one request to remove entries for the previous FQDN, and a second request to add entries for the new FQDN. In the last case, a lease release, a single DDNS request to remove its entries will be made.
As for the first case, the decisions involved when granting a new lease are more complex. When a new lease is granted, kea-dhcp4 will generate a DDNS update request if the DHCPREQUEST contains either the FQDN option (code 81) or the Host Name option (code 12). If both are present, the server will use the FQDN option. By default, kea-dhcp4 will respect the FQDN N and S flags specified by the client as shown in the following table:
| Client Flags:N-S | Client Intent | Server Response | Server Flags:N-S-O |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0-0 | Client wants to do forward updates, server should do reverse updates | Server generates reverse-only request | 1-0-0 |
| 0-1 | Server should do both forward and reverse updates | Server generates request to update both directions | 0-1-0 |
| 1-0 | Client wants no updates done | Server does not generate a request | 1-0-0 |
The first row in the table above represents “client delegation.” Here
the DHCP client states that it intends to do the forward DNS updates and
the server should do the reverse updates. By default, kea-dhcp4 will
honor the client’s wishes and generate a DDNS request to the D2 server
to update only reverse DNS data. The parameter
override-client-update can be used to instruct the server to
override client delegation requests. When this parameter is “true”,
kea-dhcp4 will disregard requests for client delegation and generate a
DDNS request to update both forward and reverse DNS data. In this case,
the N-S-O flags in the server’s response to the client will be 0-1-1
respectively.
(Note that the flag combination N=1, S=1 is prohibited according to RFC 4702. If such a combination is received from the client, the packet will be dropped by kea-dhcp4.)
To override client delegation, set the following values in the configuration file:
"Dhcp4": {
"dhcp-ddns": {
"override-client-update": true,
...
},
...
}
The third row in the table above describes the case in which the client
requests that no DNS updates be done. The parameter,
override-no-update, can be used to instruct the server to disregard
the client’s wishes. When this parameter is true, kea-dhcp4 will
generate DDNS update requests to kea-dhcp-ddns even if the client
requests that no updates be done. The N-S-O flags in the server’s
response to the client will be 0-1-1.
To override client delegation, issue the following commands:
"Dhcp4": {
"dhcp-ddns": {
"override-no-update": true,
...
},
...
}
kea-dhcp4 will always generate DDNS update requests if the client request only contains the Host Name option. In addition, it will include an FQDN option in the response to the client with the FQDN N-S-O flags set to 0-1-0 respectively. The domain name portion of the FQDN option will be the name submitted to D2 in the DDNS update request.
8.2.18.3. kea-dhcp4 Name Generation for DDNS Update Requests¶
Each Name Change Request must of course include the fully qualified domain name whose DNS entries are to be affected. kea-dhcp4 can be configured to supply a portion or all of that name, based upon what it receives from the client in the DHCPREQUEST.
The default rules for constructing the FQDN that will be used for DNS entries are:
- If the DHCPREQUEST contains the client FQDN option, take the candidate name from there; otherwise, take it from the Host Name option.
- If the candidate name is a partial (i.e. unqualified) name, then add a configurable suffix to the name and use the result as the FQDN.
- If the candidate name provided is empty, generate an FQDN using a configurable prefix and suffix.
- If the client provides neither option, then take no DNS action.
These rules can be amended by setting the replace-client-name
parameter, which provides the following modes of behavior:
never- use the name the client sent. If the client sent no name, do not generate one. This is the default mode.always- replace the name the client sent. If the client sent no name, generate one for the client.when-present- replace the name the client sent. If the client sent no name, do not generate one.when-not-present- use the name the client sent. If the client sent no name, generate one for the client.
Note
Note that in early versions of Kea, this parameter was a boolean and permitted only
values of true and false. Boolean values have been deprecated
and are no longer accepted. Administrators currently using booleans
must replace them with the desired mode name. A value of true
maps to "when-present", while false maps to "never".
For example, to instruct kea-dhcp4 to always generate the FQDN for a
client, set the parameter replace-client-name to always as
follows:
"Dhcp4": {
"dhcp-ddns": {
"replace-client-name": "always",
...
},
...
}
The prefix used in the generation of an FQDN is specified by the
generated-prefix parameter. The default value is “myhost”. To alter
its value, simply set it to the desired string:
"Dhcp4": {
"dhcp-ddns": {
"generated-prefix": "another.host",
...
},
...
}
The suffix used when generating an FQDN, or when qualifying a partial
name, is specified by the qualifying-suffix parameter. This
parameter has no default value; thus, it is mandatory when DDNS updates
are enabled. To set its value simply set it to the desired string:
"Dhcp4": {
"dhcp-ddns": {
"qualifying-suffix": "foo.example.org",
...
},
...
}
When generating a name, kea-dhcp4 will construct the name in the format:
[generated-prefix]-[address-text].[qualifying-suffix].
where address-text is simply the lease IP address converted to a
hyphenated string. For example, if the lease address is 172.16.1.10, the
qualifying suffix “example.com”, and the default value is used for
generated-prefix, the generated FQDN is:
myhost-172-16-1-10.example.com.
8.2.18.4. Sanitizing Client Host Name and FQDN Names¶
Some DHCP clients may provide values in the Host Name option (option code 12) or FQDN option (option code 81) that contain undesirable characters. It is possible to configure kea-dhcp4 to sanitize these values. The most typical use case is ensuring that only characters that are permitted by RFC 1035 be included: A-Z, a-z, 0-9, and ‘-‘. This may be accomplished with the following two parameters:
hostname-char-set- a regular expression describing the invalid character set. This can be any valid, regular expression using POSIX extended expression syntax. For example, “[^A-Za-z0-9-]” would replace any character other than the letters A through z, digits 0 through 9, and ‘-‘. An empty string, the default value, disables sanitization.hostname-char-replacement- a string of zero or more characters with which to replace each invalid character in the host name. The default value is an empty string and will cause invalid characters to be OMITTED rather than replaced.
The following configuration will replace anything other than a letter, digit, hyphen, or dot with the letter ‘x’:
"Dhcp4": {
"dhcp-ddns": {
"hostname-char-set": "[^A-Za-z0-9.-]",
"hostname-char-replacement": "x",
...
},
...
}
Thus, a client-supplied value of “myhost-$[123.org” would become “myhost-xx123.org”. Sanitizing is performed only on the portion of the name supplied by the client, and it is performed before applying a qualifying suffix (if one is defined and needed).
Note
The following are some considerations to keep in mind: Name sanitizing is meant to catch the more common cases of invalid characters through a relatively simple character-replacement scheme. It is difficult to devise a scheme that works well in all cases, for both Host Name and FQDN options. Administrators who find they have clients with odd corner cases of character combinations that cannot be readily handled with this mechanism should consider writing a hook that can carry out sufficiently complex logic to address their needs.
If clients include domain names in the Host Name option and the administrator wants these preserved, they will need to make sure that the dot, ‘.’, is considered a valid character by the hostname-char-set expression, such as this: “[^A-Za-z0-9.-]”. This will not affect dots in FQDN Option values. When scrubbing FQDNs, dots are treated as delimiters and used to separate the option value into individual domain labels that are scrubbed and then re-assembled.
If clients are sending values that differ only by characters considered as invalid by the hostname-char-set, be aware that scrubbing them will yield identical values. In such cases, DDNS conflict rules will permit only one of them to register the name.
Finally, given the latitude clients have in the values they send, it is virtually impossible to guarantee that a combination of these two parameters will always yield a name that is valid for use in DNS. For example, using an empty value for hostname-char-replacement could yield an empty domain label within a name, if that label consists only of invalid characters.
Note
Since the 1.6.0 Kea release it is possible to specify hostname-char-set and/or hostname-char-replacement at the global scope. This allows to sanitize host names without requiring a dhcp-ddns entry. When a hostname-char parameter is defined at the global scope and in a dhcp-ddns entry the second (local) value is used.
8.2.19. Next Server (siaddr)¶
In some cases, clients want to obtain configuration from a TFTP server.
Although there is a dedicated option for it, some devices may use the
siaddr field in the DHCPv4 packet for that purpose. That specific field
can be configured using the next-server directive. It is possible to
define it in the global scope or for a given subnet only. If both are
defined, the subnet value takes precedence. The value in subnet can be
set to 0.0.0.0, which means that next-server should not be sent. It
may also be set to an empty string, which means the same as if it were
not defined at all; that is, use the global value.
The server-hostname (which conveys a server hostname, can be up to
64 bytes long, and will be sent in the sname field) and
boot-file-name (which conveys the configuration file, can be up to
128 bytes long, and will be sent using the file field) directives are
handled the same way as next-server.
"Dhcp4": {
"next-server": "192.0.2.123",
"boot-file-name": "/dev/null",
...,
"subnet4": [
{
"next-server": "192.0.2.234",
"server-hostname": "some-name.example.org",
"boot-file-name": "bootfile.efi",
...
}
]
}
8.2.20. Echoing Client-ID (RFC 6842)¶
The original DHCPv4 specification (RFC 2131) states that the DHCPv4 server must not send back client-id options when responding to clients. However, in some cases that result confused clients that did not have a MAC address or client-id; see RFC 6842 for details. That behavior changed with the publication of RFC 6842, which updated RFC 2131. That update states that the server must send the client-id if the client sent it. That is Kea’s default behavior. However, in some cases older devices that do not support RFC 6842 may refuse to accept responses that include the client-id option. To enable backward compatibility, an optional configuration parameter has been introduced. To configure it, use the following configuration statement:
"Dhcp4": {
"echo-client-id": false,
...
}
8.2.21. Using Client Identifier and Hardware Address¶
The DHCP server must be able to identify the client from which it receives the message and distinguish it from other clients. There are many reasons why this identification is required; the most important ones are:
- When the client contacts the server to allocate a new lease, the server must store the client identification information in the lease database as a search key.
- When the client is trying to renew or release the existing lease, the server must be able to find the existing lease entry in the database for this client, using the client identification information as a search key.
- Some configurations use static reservations for the IP addresses and other configuration information. The server’s administrator uses client identification information to create these static assignments.
- In dual-stack networks there is often a need to correlate the lease information stored in DHCPv4 and DHCPv6 servers for a particular host. Using common identification information by the DHCPv4 and DHCPv6 clients allows the network administrator to achieve this correlation and better administer the network.
DHCPv4 uses two distinct identifiers which are placed by the client in the queries sent to the server and copied by the server to its responses to the client: “chaddr” and “client identifier”. The former was introduced as a part of the BOOTP specification and it is also used by DHCP to carry the hardware address of the interface used to send the query to the server (MAC address for the Ethernet). The latter is carried in the Client-identifier option, introduced in RFC 2132.
RFC 2131 indicates that the server may use both of these identifiers to identify the client but the “client identifier”, if present, takes precedence over “chaddr”. One of the reasons for this is that “client identifier” is independent from the hardware used by the client to communicate with the server. For example, if the client obtained the lease using one network card and then the network card is moved to another host, the server will wrongly identify this host as the one which obtained the lease. Moreover, RFC 4361 gives the recommendation to use a DUID (see RFC 8415, the DHCPv6 specification) carried as a “client identifier” when dual-stack networks are in use to provide consistent identification information for the client, regardless of the type of protocol it is using. Kea adheres to these specifications, and the “client identifier” by default takes precedence over the value carried in the “chaddr” field when the server searches, creates, updates, or removes the client’s lease.
When the server receives a DHCPDISCOVER or DHCPREQUEST message from the client, it will try to find out if the client already has a lease in the database; if it does, the server will hand out that lease rather than allocate a new one. Each lease in the lease database is associated with the “client identifier” and/or “chaddr”. The server will first use the “client identifier” (if present) to search for the lease. If the lease is found, the server will treat this lease as belonging to the client even if the current “chaddr” and the “chaddr” associated with the lease do not match. This facilitates the scenario when the network card on the client system has been replaced and thus the new MAC address appears in the messages sent by the DHCP client. If the server fails to find the lease using the “client identifier”, it will perform another lookup using the “chaddr”. If this lookup returns no result, the client is considered as not having a lease and a new lease will be created.
A common problem reported by network operators is that poor client implementations do not use stable client identifiers, instead generating a new “client identifier” each time the client connects to the network. Another well-known case is when the client changes its “client identifier” during the multi-stage boot process (PXE). In such cases, the MAC address of the client’s interface remains stable, and using the “chaddr” field to identify the client guarantees that the particular system is considered to be the same client, even though its “client identifier” changes.
To address this problem, Kea includes a configuration option which enables client identification using “chaddr” only. This instructs the server to “ignore” the “client identifier” during lease lookups and allocations for a particular subnet. Consider the following simplified server configuration:
"Dhcp4": {
...
"match-client-id": true,
...
"subnet4": [
{
"subnet": "192.0.10.0/24",
"pools": [ { "pool": "192.0.2.23-192.0.2.87" } ],
"match-client-id": false
},
{
"subnet": "10.0.0.0/8",
"pools": [ { "pool": "10.0.0.23-10.0.2.99" } ],
}
]
}
The match-client-id is a boolean value which controls this behavior.
The default value of true indicates that the server will use the
“client identifier” for lease lookups and “chaddr” if the first lookup
returns no results. The false means that the server will only use
the “chaddr” to search for the client’s lease. Whether the DHCID for DNS
updates is generated from the “client identifier” or “chaddr” is
controlled through the same parameter.
The match-client-id parameter may appear both in the global
configuration scope and/or under any subnet declaration. In the example
shown above, the effective value of the match-client-id will be
false for the subnet 192.0.10.0/24, because the subnet-specific
setting of the parameter overrides the global value of the parameter.
The effective value of the match-client-id for the subnet 10.0.0.0/8
will be set to true because the subnet declaration lacks this
parameter and the global setting is by default used for this subnet. In
fact, the global entry for this parameter could be omitted in this case,
because true is the default value.
It is important to understand what happens when the client obtains its
lease for one setting of the match-client-id and then renews it when
the setting has been changed. First, consider the case when the client
obtains the lease and the match-client-id is set to true. The
server will store the lease information, including “client identifier”
(if supplied) and “chaddr”, in the lease database. When the setting is
changed and the client renews the lease, the server will determine that
it should use the “chaddr” to search for the existing lease. If the
client hasn’t changed its MAC address, the server should successfully
find the existing lease. The “client identifier” associated with the
returned lease will be ignored and the client will be allowed to use this lease.
When the lease is renewed only the “chaddr” will be recorded for this lease,
according to the new server setting.
In the second case the client has the lease with only a “chaddr” value
recorded. When the match-client-id setting is changed to true,
the server will first try to use the “client identifier” to find the
existing client’s lease. This will return no results because the “client
identifier” was not recorded for this lease. The server will then use
the “chaddr” and the lease will be found. If the lease appears to have
no “client identifier” recorded, the server will assume that this lease
belongs to the client and that it was created with the previous setting
of the match-client-id. However, if the lease contains a “client
identifier” which is different from the “client identifier” used by the
client, the lease will be assumed to belong to another client and the
new lease will be allocated.
8.2.22. Authoritative DHCPv4 Server Behavior¶
The original DHCPv4 specification (RFC
2131) states that if a client
requests an address in the INIT-REBOOT state, of which the server has no
knowledge, the server must remain silent, except if the server knows
that the client has requested an IP address from the wrong network. By
default, Kea follows the behavior of the ISC dhcpd daemon instead of the
specification and also remains silent if the client requests an IP
address from the wrong network, because configuration information about
a given network segment is not known to be correct. Kea only rejects a
client’s DHCPREQUEST with a DHCPNAK message if it already has a lease
for the client with a different IP address. Administrators can
override this behavior through the boolean authoritative (false
by default) setting.
In authoritative mode, authoritative set to true, Kea always
rejects INIT-REBOOT requests from unknown clients with DHCPNAK messages.
The authoritative setting can be specified in global,
shared-network, and subnet configuration scope and is automatically
inherited from the parent scope, if not specified. All subnets in a
shared-network must have the same authoritative setting.
8.2.23. DHCPv4-over-DHCPv6: DHCPv4 Side¶
The support of DHCPv4-over-DHCPv6 transport is described in RFC 7341 and is implemented using cooperating DHCPv4 and DHCPv6 servers. This section is about the configuration of the DHCPv4 side (the DHCPv6 side is described in DHCPv4-over-DHCPv6: DHCPv6 Side).
Note
DHCPv4-over-DHCPv6 support is experimental and the details of the inter-process communication may change; both the DHCPv4 and DHCPv6 sides should be running the same version of Kea. For instance, the support of port relay (RFC 8357) introduced an incompatible change.
The dhcp4o6-port global parameter specifies the first of the two
consecutive ports of the UDP sockets used for the communication between
the DHCPv6 and DHCPv4 servers. The DHCPv4 server is bound to ::1 on
port + 1 and connected to ::1 on port.
With DHCPv4-over-DHCPv6, the DHCPv4 server does not have access to several of the identifiers it would normally use to select a subnet. To address this issue, three new configuration entries have been added; the presence of any of these allows the subnet to be used with DHCPv4-over-DHCPv6. These entries are:
4o6-subnet: takes a prefix (i.e., an IPv6 address followed by a slash and a prefix length) which is matched against the source address.4o6-interface-id: takes a relay interface ID option value.4o6-interface: takes an interface name which is matched against the incoming interface name.
The following configuration was used during some tests:
{
# DHCPv4 conf
"Dhcp4": {
"interfaces-config": {
"interfaces": [ "eno33554984" ]
},
"lease-database": {
"type": "memfile",
"name": "leases4"
},
"valid-lifetime": 4000,
"subnet4": [ {
"subnet": "10.10.10.0/24",
"4o6-interface": "eno33554984",
"4o6-subnet": "2001:db8:1:1::/64",
"pools": [ { "pool": "10.10.10.100 - 10.10.10.199" } ]
} ],
"dhcp4o6-port": 6767,
"loggers": [ {
"name": "kea-dhcp4",
"output_options": [ {
"output": "/tmp/kea-dhcp4.log"
} ],
"severity": "DEBUG",
"debuglevel": 0
} ]
}
}
8.2.24. Sanity Checks in DHCPv4¶
An important aspect of a well-running DHCP system is an assurance that the data remain consistent. However, in some cases it may be convenient to tolerate certain inconsistent data. For example, a network administrator that temporarily removed a subnet from a configuration would not want all the leases associated with it to disappear from the lease database. Kea has a mechanism to control sanity checks such as this.
Kea supports a configuration scope called sanity-checks. It
currently allows only a single parameter, called lease-checks, which
governs the verification carried out when a new lease is loaded from a
lease file. This mechanism permits Kea to attempt to correct inconsistent data.
Every subnet has a subnet-id value; this is how Kea internally identifies subnets. Each lease has a subnet-id parameter as well, which identifies which subnet it belongs to. However, if the configuration has changed, it is possible that a lease could exist with a subnet-id, but without any subnet that matches it. Also, it may be possible that the subnet’s configuration has changed and the subnet-id now belongs to a subnet that does not match the lease. Kea’s corrective algorithm first checks to see if there is a subnet with the subnet-id specified by the lease. If there is, it verifies whether the lease belongs to that subnet. If not, depending on the lease-checks setting, the lease is discarded, a warning is displayed, or a new subnet is selected for the lease that matches it topologically.
There are five levels which are supported:
none- do no special checks; accept the lease as is.warn- if problems are detected display a warning, but accept the lease data anyway. This is the default value. If not explicitly configured to some other value, this level will be used.fix- if a data inconsistency is discovered, try to correct it. If the correction is not successful, the incorrect data will be inserted anyway.fix-del- if a data inconsistency is discovered, try to correct it. If the correction is not successful, reject the lease. This setting ensures the data’s correctness, but some incorrect data may be lost. Use with care.del- this is the strictest mode. If any inconsistency is detected, reject the lease. Use with care.
This feature is currently implemented for the memfile backend.
An example configuration that sets this parameter looks as follows:
"Dhcp4": {
"sanity-checks": {
"lease-checks": "fix-del"
},
...
}
8.3. Host Reservation in DHCPv4¶
There are many cases where it is useful to provide a configuration on a per-host basis. The most obvious one is to reserve a specific, static address for exclusive use by a given client (host); the returning client will receive the same address from the server every time, and other clients will generally not receive that address. Another situation when host reservations are applicable is when a host has specific requirements, e.g. a printer that needs additional DHCP options. Yet another possible use case is to define unique names for hosts.
Note that there may be cases when a new reservation has been made for a client for an address currently in use by another client. We call this situation a “conflict.” These conflicts get resolved automatically over time as described in subsequent sections. Once the conflict is resolved, the correct client will receive the reserved configuration when it renews.
Host reservations are defined as parameters for each subnet. Each host
must have its own unique identifier, such as the hardware/MAC
address. There is an optional reservations array in the subnet4
structure; each element in that array is a structure that holds
information about reservations for a single host. In particular, the
structure must have a unique host identifier. In
the DHCPv4 context, the identifier is usually a hardware or MAC address.
In most cases an IP address will be specified. It is also possible to
specify a hostname, host-specific options, or fields carried within the
DHCPv4 message such as siaddr, sname, or file.
The following example shows how to reserve addresses for specific hosts in a subnet:
"subnet4": [
{
"pools": [ { "pool": "192.0.2.1 - 192.0.2.200" } ],
"subnet": "192.0.2.0/24",
"interface": "eth0",
"reservations": [
{
"hw-address": "1a:1b:1c:1d:1e:1f",
"ip-address": "192.0.2.202"
},
{
"duid": "0a:0b:0c:0d:0e:0f",
"ip-address": "192.0.2.100",
"hostname": "alice-laptop"
},
{
"circuit-id": "'charter950'",
"ip-address": "192.0.2.203"
},
{
"client-id": "01:11:22:33:44:55:66",
"ip-address": "192.0.2.204"
}
]
}
]
The first entry reserves the 192.0.2.202 address for the client that uses a MAC address of 1a:1b:1c:1d:1e:1f. The second entry reserves the address 192.0.2.100 and the hostname of alice-laptop for the client using a DUID 0a:0b:0c:0d:0e:0f. (Note that if DNS updates are planned, it is strongly recommended that the hostnames be unique.) The third example reserves address 192.0.3.203 for a client whose request would be relayed by a relay agent that inserts a circuit-id option with the value “charter950”. The fourth entry reserves address 192.0.2.204 for a client that uses a client identifier with value 01:11:22:33:44:55:66.
The above example is used for illustrational purposes only; in actual deployments it is recommended to use as few types as possible (preferably just one). See Fine-Tuning DHCPv4 Host Reservation for a detailed discussion of this point.
Making a reservation for a mobile host that may visit multiple subnets requires a separate host definition in each subnet that host is expected to visit. It is not possible to define multiple host definitions with the same hardware address in a single subnet. Multiple host definitions with the same hardware address are valid if each is in a different subnet.
Adding host reservations incurs a performance penalty. In principle, when a server that does not support host reservation responds to a query, it needs to check whether there is a lease for a given address being considered for allocation or renewal. The server that does support host reservation has to perform additional checks: not only whether the address is currently used (i.e., if there is a lease for it), but also whether the address could be used by someone else (i.e., if there is a reservation for it). That additional check incurs extra overhead.
8.3.1. Address Reservation Types¶
In a typical scenario there is an IPv4 subnet defined, e.g. 192.0.2.0/24, with a certain part of it dedicated for dynamic allocation by the DHCPv4 server. That dynamic part is referred to as a dynamic pool or simply a pool. In principle, a host reservation can reserve any address that belongs to the subnet. The reservations that specify addresses that belong to configured pools are called “in-pool reservations.” In contrast, those that do not belong to dynamic pools are called “out-of-pool reservations.” There is no formal difference in the reservation syntax and both reservation types are handled uniformly.
Kea supports global host reservations. These are reservations that are
specified at the global level within the configuration and that do not
belong to any specific subnet. Kea will still match inbound client
packets to a subnet as before, but when the subnet’s reservation mode is
set to "global", Kea will look for host reservations only among the
global reservations defined. Typically, such reservations would be used
to reserve hostnames for clients which may move from one subnet to
another.
Note
Global reservations, while useful in certain circumstances, have aspects that must be given due consideration when using them, please see Conflicts in DHCPv4 Reservations for more details.
8.3.2. Conflicts in DHCPv4 Reservations¶
As reservations and lease information are stored separately, conflicts may arise. Consider the following series of events: the server has configured the dynamic pool of addresses from the range of 192.0.2.10 to 192.0.2.20. Host A requests an address and gets 192.0.2.10. Now the system administrator decides to reserve address 192.0.2.10 for Host B. In general, reserving an address that is currently assigned to someone else is not recommended, but there are valid use cases where such an operation is warranted.
The server now has a conflict to resolve. If Host B boots up and requests an address, the server is not able to assign the reserved address 192.0.2.10. A naive approach would to be immediately remove the existing lease for Host A and create a new one for Host B. That would not solve the problem, though, because as soon as Host B gets the address, it will detect that the address is already in use (by Host A) and will send a DHCPDECLINE message. Therefore, in this situation, the server has to temporarily assign a different address from the dynamic pool (not matching what has been reserved) to Host B.
When Host A renews its address, the server will discover that the address being renewed is now reserved for another host - Host B. The server will inform Host A that it is no longer allowed to use it by sending a DHCPNAK message. The server will not remove the lease, though, as there’s a small chance that the DHCPNAK may be lost if the network is lossy. If that happens, the client will not receive any responses, so it will retransmit its DHCPREQUEST packet. Once the DHCPNAK is received by Host A, it will revert to server discovery and will eventually get a different address. Besides allocating a new lease, the server will also remove the old one. As a result, address 192.0.2.10 will become free. When Host B tries to renew its temporarily assigned address, the server will detect that it has a valid lease, but will note that there is a reservation for a different address. The server will send DHCPNAK to inform Host B that its address is no longer usable, but will keep its lease (again, the DHCPNAK may be lost, so the server will keep it until the client returns for a new address). Host B will revert to the server discovery phase and will eventually send a DHCPREQUEST message. This time the server will find that there is a reservation for that host and that the reserved address 192.0.2.10 is not used, so it will be granted. It will also remove the lease for the temporarily assigned address that Host B previously obtained.
This recovery will succeed, even if other hosts attempt to get the reserved address. If Host C requests the address 192.0.2.10 after the reservation is made, the server will either offer a different address (when responding to DHCPDISCOVER) or send DHCPNAK (when responding to DHCPREQUEST).
The recovery mechanism allows the server to fully recover from a case where reservations conflict with existing leases; however, this procedure will take roughly as long as the value set for renew-timer. The best way to avoid such recovery is not to define new reservations that conflict with existing leases. Another recommendation is to use out-of-pool reservations. If the reserved address does not belong to a pool, there is no way that other clients can get it.
Note
The conflict-resolution mechanism does not work for global reservations. Although the global address reservations feature may be useful in certain settings, it is generally recommended not to use global reservations for addresses. Administrators who do choose to use global reservations must manually ensure that the reserved addresses are not in dynamic pools.
8.3.3. Reserving a Hostname¶
When the reservation for a client includes the hostname, the server
will return this hostname to the client in the Client FQDN or Hostname
option. The server responds with the Client FQDN option only if the
client has included the Client FQDN option in its message to the server. The
server will respond with the Hostname option if the client included
the Hostname option in its message to the server, or if the client
requested the Hostname option using the Parameter Request List option.
The server will return the Hostname option even if it is not configured
to perform DNS updates. The reserved hostname always takes precedence
over the hostname supplied by the client or the autogenerated (from the
IPv4 address) hostname.
The server qualifies the reserved hostname with the value of the
qualifying-suffix parameter. For example, the following subnet
configuration:
{
"subnet4": [ {
"subnet": "10.0.0.0/24",
"pools": [ { "pool": "10.0.0.10-10.0.0.100" } ],
"reservations": [
{
"hw-address": "aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff",
"hostname": "alice-laptop"
}
]
}],
"dhcp-ddns": {
"enable-updates": true,
"qualifying-suffix": "example.isc.org."
}
}
will result in assigning the “alice-laptop.example.isc.org.” hostname to
the client using the MAC address “aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff”. If the
qualifying-suffix is not specified, the default (empty) value will
be used, and in this case the value specified as a hostname will be
treated as a fully qualified name. Thus, by leaving the
qualifying-suffix empty it is possible to qualify hostnames for
different clients with different domain names:
{
"subnet4": [ {
"subnet": "10.0.0.0/24",
"pools": [ { "pool": "10.0.0.10-10.0.0.100" } ],
"reservations": [
{
"hw-address": "aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff",
"hostname": "alice-laptop.isc.org."
},
{
"hw-address": "12:34:56:78:99:AA",
"hostname": "mark-desktop.example.org."
}
]
}],
"dhcp-ddns": {
"enable-updates": true,
}
}
8.3.4. Including Specific DHCPv4 Options in Reservations¶
Kea offers the ability to specify options on a per-host basis. These options follow the same rules as any other options. These can be standard options (see Standard DHCPv4 Options), custom options (see Custom DHCPv4 Options), or vendor-specific options (see DHCPv4 Vendor-Specific Options). The following example demonstrates how standard options can be defined.
{
"subnet4": [ {
"reservations": [
{
"hw-address": "aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff",
"ip-address": "192.0.2.1",
"option-data": [
{
"name": "cookie-servers",
"data": "10.1.1.202,10.1.1.203"
},
{
"name": "log-servers",
"data": "10.1.1.200,10.1.1.201"
} ]
} ]
} ]
}
Vendor-specific options can be reserved in a similar manner:
{
"subnet4": [ {
"reservations": [
{
"hw-address": "aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff",
"ip-address": "10.0.0.7",
"option-data": [
{
"name": "vivso-suboptions",
"data": "4491"
},
{
"name": "tftp-servers",
"space": "vendor-4491",
"data": "10.1.1.202,10.1.1.203"
} ]
} ]
} ]
}
Options defined at host level have the highest priority. In other words, if there are options defined with the same type on global, subnet, class, and host levels, the host-specific values will be used.
8.3.5. Reserving Next Server, Server Hostname, and Boot File Name¶
BOOTP/DHCPv4 messages include “siaddr”, “sname”, and “file” fields. Even though DHCPv4 includes corresponding options, such as option 66 and option 67, some clients may not support these options. For this reason, server administrators often use the “siaddr”, “sname”, and “file” fields instead.
With Kea, it is possible to make static reservations for these DHCPv4 message fields:
{
"subnet4": [ {
"reservations": [
{
"hw-address": "aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff",
"next-server": "10.1.1.2",
"server-hostname": "server-hostname.example.org",
"boot-file-name": "/tmp/bootfile.efi"
} ]
} ]
}
Note that those parameters can be specified in combination with other parameters for a reservation, such as a reserved IPv4 address. These parameters are optional; a subset of them can be specified, or all of them can be omitted.
8.3.6. Reserving Client Classes in DHCPv4¶
Using Expressions in Classification explains how to configure
the server to assign classes to a client, based on the content of the
options that this client sends to the server. Host reservations
mechanisms also allow for the static assignment of classes to clients.
The definitions of these classes are placed in the Kea configuration or
a database. The following configuration snippet shows how to specify that
a client belongs to classes reserved-class1 and reserved-class2. Those
classes are associated with specific options sent to the clients which belong
to them.
{
"client-classes": [
{
"name": "reserved-class1",
"option-data": [
{
"name": "routers",
"data": "10.0.0.200"
}
]
},
{
"name": "reserved-class2",
"option-data": [
{
"name": "domain-name-servers",
"data": "10.0.0.201"
}
]
}
],
"subnet4": [ {
"subnet": "10.0.0.0/24",
"pools": [ { "pool": "10.0.0.10-10.0.0.100" } ],
"reservations": [
{
"hw-address": "aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff",
"client-classes": [ "reserved-class1", "reserved-class2" ]
}
]
} ]
}
In some cases the host reservations can be used in conjuction with client classes specified within the Kea configuration. In particular, when a host reservation exists for a client within a given subnet, the “KNOWN” built-in class is assigned to the client. Conversely, when there is no static assignment for the client, the “UNKNOWN” class is assigned to the client. Class expressions within the Kea configuration file can refer to “KNOWN” or “UNKNOWN” classes using using the “member” operator. For example:
{
"client-classes": [
{
"name": "dependent-class",
"test": "member('KNOWN')",
"only-if-required": true
}
]
}
Note that the only-if-required parameter is needed here to force
evaluation of the class after the lease has been allocated and thus the
reserved class has been also assigned.
Note
Be aware that the classes specified in non global host reservations
are assigned to the processed packet after all classes with the
only-if-required parameter set to false have been evaluated.
This has an implication that these classes must not depend on the
statically assigned classes from the host reservations. If there
is a need to create such dependency, the only-if-required must
be set to true for the dependent classes. Such classes are
evaluated after the static classes have been assigned to the packet.
This, however, imposes additional configuration overhead, because
all classes marked as only-if-required must be listed in the
require-client-classes list for every subnet where they are used.
Note
Client classes specified within the Kea configuration file may
depend on the classes specified within the global host reservations.
In such case the only-if-required parameter is not needed.
Refer to the Pool Selection with Client Class Reservations and
Subnet Selection with Client Class Reservations
for the specific use cases.
8.3.7. Storing Host Reservations in MySQL, PostgreSQL, or Cassandra¶
It is possible to store host reservations in MySQL, PostgreSQL, or Cassandra. See Hosts Storage for information on how to configure Kea to use reservations stored in MySQL, PostgreSQL, or Cassandra. Kea provides a dedicated hook for managing reservations in a database; section host_cmds: Host Commands provides detailed information. The Kea wiki provides some examples of how to conduct common host reservation operations.
Note
In Kea, the maximum length of an option specified per-host is arbitrarily set to 4096 bytes.
8.3.8. Fine-Tuning DHCPv4 Host Reservation¶
The host reservation capability introduces additional restrictions for the allocation engine (the component of Kea that selects an address for a client) during lease selection and renewal. In particular, three major checks are necessary. First, when selecting a new lease, it is not sufficient for a candidate lease to simply not be in use by another DHCP client; it also must not be reserved for another client. Second, when renewing a lease, an additional check must be performed to see whether the address being renewed is reserved for another client. Finally, when a host renews an address, the server must check whether there is a reservation for this host, so the existing (dynamically allocated) address should be revoked and the reserved one be used instead.
Some of those checks may be unnecessary in certain deployments, and not
performing them may improve performance. The Kea server provides the
reservation-mode configuration parameter to select the types of
reservations allowed for a particular subnet. Each reservation type has
different constraints for the checks to be performed by the server when
allocating or renewing a lease for the client. Allowed values are:
all- enables both in-pool and out-of-pool host reservation types. This setting is the default value, and is the safest and most flexible. However, as all checks are conducted, it is also the slowest. It does not check against global reservations.out-of-pool- allows only out-of- pool host reservations. With this setting in place, the server may assume that all host reservations are for addresses that do not belong to the dynamic pool. Therefore, it can skip the reservation checks when dealing with in-pool addresses, thus improving performance. Do not use this mode if any reservations use in-pool addresses. Caution is advised when using this setting; Kea does not sanity-check the reservations againstreservation-modeand misconfiguration may cause problems.global- allows only global host reservations. With this setting in place, the server searches for reservations for a client only among the defined global reservations. If an address is specified, the server skips the reservation checks carried out when dealing in other modes, thus improving performance. Caution is advised when using this setting; Kea does not sanity-check the reservations whenglobaland misconfiguration may cause problems.disabled- host reservation support is disabled. As there are no reservations, the server will skip all checks. Any reservations defined will be completely ignored. As the checks are skipped, the server may operate faster in this mode.
The parameter can be specified at global, subnet, and shared-network levels.
An example configuration that disables reservation looks as follows:
"Dhcp4": {
"subnet4": [
{
"subnet": "192.0.2.0/24",
"reservation-mode": "disabled",
...
}
]
}
An example configuration using global reservations is shown below:
"Dhcp4": {
"reservation-mode": "global",
"reservations": [
{
"hw-address": "01:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff",
"hostname": "host-one"
},
{
"hw-address": "02:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff",
"hostname": "host-two"
}
],
"subnet4": [
{
"subnet": "192.0.2.0/24",
...
}
]
}
For more details regarding global reservations, see Global Reservations in DHCPv4.
Another aspect of host reservations is the different types of identifiers. Kea currently supports four types of identifiers: hw-address, duid, client-id, and circuit-id. This is beneficial from a usability perspective; however, there is one drawback. For each incoming packet, Kea has to extract each identifier type and then query the database to see if there is a reservation by this particular identifier. If nothing is found, the next identifier is extracted and the next query is issued. This process continues until either a reservation is found or all identifier types have been checked. Over time, with an increasing number of supported identifier types, Kea would become slower and slower.
To address this problem, a parameter called
host-reservation-identifiers is available. It takes a list of
identifier types as a parameter. Kea will check only those identifier
types enumerated in host-reservation-identifiers. From a performance
perspective, the number of identifier types should be kept to a minimum,
ideally one. If the deployment uses several reservation types, please
enumerate them from most- to least-frequently used, as this increases
the chances of Kea finding the reservation using the fewest queries. An
example of host reservation identifiers looks as follows:
"host-reservation-identifiers": [ "circuit-id", "hw-address", "duid", "client-id" ],
"subnet4": [
{
"subnet": "192.0.2.0/24",
...
}
]
If not specified, the default value is:
"host-reservation-identifiers": [ "hw-address", "duid", "circuit-id", "client-id" ]
8.3.9. Global Reservations in DHCPv4¶
In some deployments, such as mobile, clients can roam within the network and certain parameters must be specified regardless of the client’s current location. To facilitate such a need, a global reservation mechanism has been implemented. The idea behind it is that regular host reservations are tied to specific subnets, by using a specific subnet-id. Kea can specify a global reservation that can be used in every subnet that has global reservations enabled.
This feature can be used to assign certain parameters, such as hostname or other dedicated, host-specific options. It can also be used to assign addresses. However, global reservations that assign addresses bypass the whole topology determination provided by DHCP logic implemented in Kea. It is very easy to misuse this feature and get a configuration that is inconsistent. To give a specific example, imagine a global reservation for address 192.0.2.100 and two subnets 192.0.2.0/24 and 192.0.5.0/24. If global reservations are used in both subnets and a device matching global host reservations visits part of the network that is serviced by 192.0.5.0/24, it will get an IP address 192.0.2.100, a subnet 192.0.5.0 and a default router 192.0.5.1. Obviously, such a configuration is unusable, as the client will not be able to reach its default gateway.
To use global host reservations, a configuration similar to the following can be used:
"Dhcp4:" {
# This specifies global reservations. They will apply to all subnets that
# have global reservations enabled.
"reservations": [
{
"hw-address": "aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff",
"hostname": "hw-host-dynamic"
},
{
"hw-address": "01:02:03:04:05:06",
"hostname": "hw-host-fixed",
# Use of IP address in global reservation is risky. If used outside of
# a matching subnet, such as 192.0.1.0/24, it will result in a broken
# configuration being handed to the client.
"ip-address": "192.0.1.77"
},
{
"duid": "01:02:03:04:05",
"hostname": "duid-host"
},
{
"circuit-id": "'charter950'",
"hostname": "circuit-id-host"
},
{
"client-id": "01:11:22:33:44:55:66",
"hostname": "client-id-host"
}
],
"valid-lifetime": 600,
"subnet4": [ {
"subnet": "10.0.0.0/24",
"reservation-mode": "global",
"pools": [ { "pool": "10.0.0.10-10.0.0.100" } ]
} ]
}
When using database backends, the global host reservations are distinguished from regular reservations by using a subnet-id value of zero.
8.3.10. Pool Selection with Client Class Reservations¶
Client classes can be specified both in the Kea configuration file and/or
host reservations. The classes specified in the Kea configuration file are
evaluated immediately after receiving the DHCP packet and therefore can be
used to influence subnet selection using the client-class parameter
specified in the subnet scope. The classes specified within the host
reservations are fetched and assigned to the packet after the server has
already selected a subnet for the client. This means that the client
class specified within a host reservation cannot be used to influence
subnet assignment for this client, unless the subnet belongs to a
shared network. If the subnet belongs to a shared network, the server may
dynamically change the subnet assignment while trying to allocate a lease.
If the subnet does not belong to a shared network, once selected, the subnet
is not changed.
If the subnet does not belong to a shared network, it is possible to use host reservation based client classification to select an address pool within the subnet as follows:
"Dhcp4": {
"client-classes": [
{
"name": "reserved_class"
},
{
"name": "unreserved_class",
"test": "not member('reserved_class')"
}
],
"subnet4": [
{
"subnet": "192.0.2.0/24",
"reservations": [{"
"hw-address": "aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:fe",
"client-classes": [ "reserved_class" ]
}],
"pools": [
{
"pool": "192.0.2.10-192.0.2.20",
"client-class": "reserved_class"
},
{
"pool": "192.0.2.30-192.0.2.40",
"client-class": "unreserved_class"
}
]
}
]
}
The reserved_class is declared without the test parameter because
it may be only assigned to the client via host reservation mechanism. The
second class, unreserved_class, is assigned to the clients which do not
belong to the reserved_class. The first pool within the subnet is only
used for the clients having a reservation for the reserved_class. The
second pool is used for the clients not having such reservation. The
configuration snippet includes one host reservation which causes the client
having the MAC address of aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:fe to be assigned to the
reserved_class. Thus, this client will be given an IP address from the
first address pool.
8.3.11. Subnet Selection with Client Class Reservations¶
There is one specific use case when subnet selection may be influenced by client classes specified within host reservations. This is the case when the client belongs to a shared network. In such case it is possible to use classification to select a subnet within this shared network. Consider the following example:
"Dhcp4": {
"client-classes": [
{
"name": "reserved_class"
},
{
"name: "unreserved_class",
"test": "not member('reserved_class")
}
],
"reservations": [{"
"hw-address": "aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:fe",
"client-classes": [ "reserved_class" ]
}],
"reservation-mode": "global",
"shared-networks": [{
"subnet4": [
{
"subnet": "192.0.2.0/24",
"pools": [
{
"pool": "192.0.2.10-192.0.2.20",
"client-class": "reserved_class"
}
]
},
{
"subnet": "192.0.3.0/24",
"pools": [
{
"pool": "192.0.3.10-192.0.3.20",
"client-class": "unreserved_class"
}
]
}
]
}]
}
This is similar to the example described in the
Pool Selection with Client Class Reservations. This time, however, there
are two subnets, each of them having a pool associated with a different
class. The clients which don’t have a reservation for the reserved_class
will be assigned an address from the subnet 192.0.3.0/24. Clients having
a reservation for the reserved_class will be assigned an address from
the subnet 192.0.2.0/24. The subnets must belong to the same shared network.
In addition, the reservation for the client class must be specified at the
global scope (global reservation) and the reservation-mode must be
set to global.
In the example above the client-class could also be specified at the
subnet level rather than pool level yielding the same effect.
8.5. Server Identifier in DHCPv4¶
The DHCPv4 protocol uses a “server identifier” to allow clients to discriminate between several servers present on the same link; this value is an IPv4 address of the server. The server chooses the IPv4 address of the interface on which the message from the client (or relay) has been received. A single server instance will use multiple server identifiers if it is receiving queries on multiple interfaces.
It is possible to override the default server identifier values by specifying the “dhcp-server-identifier” option. This option is only supported at the global, shared network, and subnet levels; it must not be specified on the client class or host reservation levels.
The following example demonstrates how to override the server identifier for a subnet:
"subnet4": [
{
"subnet": "192.0.2.0/24",
"option-data": [
{
"name": "dhcp-server-identifier",
"data": "10.2.5.76"
}
],
...
}
]
8.6. How the DHCPv4 Server Selects a Subnet for the Client¶
The DHCPv4 server differentiates between directly connected clients, clients trying to renew leases, and clients sending their messages through relays. For directly connected clients, the server will check the configuration for the interface on which the message has been received and, if the server configuration doesn’t match any configured subnet, the message is discarded.
Assuming that the server’s interface is configured with the IPv4 address 192.0.2.3, the server will only process messages received through this interface from a directly connected client if there is a subnet configured to which this IPv4 address belongs, such as 192.0.2.0/24. The server will use this subnet to assign an IPv4 address for the client.
The rule above does not apply when the client unicasts its message, i.e. is trying to renew its lease. Such a message is accepted through any interface. The renewing client sets ciaddr to the currently used IPv4 address, and the server uses this address to select the subnet for the client (in particular, to extend the lease using this address).
If the message is relayed it is accepted through any interface. The giaddr set by the relay agent is used to select the subnet for the client.
It is also possible to specify a relay IPv4 address for a given subnet. It can be used to match incoming packets into a subnet in uncommon configurations, e.g. shared networks. See Using a Specific Relay Agent for a Subnet for details.
Note
The subnet selection mechanism described in this section is based on the assumption that client classification is not used. The classification mechanism alters the way in which a subnet is selected for the client, depending on the classes to which the client belongs.
8.6.1. Using a Specific Relay Agent for a Subnet¶
A relay must have an interface connected to the link on which the clients are being configured. Typically the relay has an IPv4 address configured on that interface, which belongs to the subnet from which the server will assign addresses. Normally, the server is able to use the IPv4 address inserted by the relay (in the giaddr field of the DHCPv4 packet) to select the appropriate subnet.
However, that is not always the case. In certain uncommon — but valid — deployments, the relay address may not match the subnet. This usually means that there is more than one subnet allocated for a given link. The two most common examples where this is the case are long-lasting network renumbering (where both old and new address space is still being used) and a cable network. In a cable network, both cable modems and the devices behind them are physically connected to the same link, yet they use distinct addressing. In such a case, the DHCPv4 server needs additional information (the IPv4 address of the relay) to properly select an appropriate subnet.
The following example assumes that there is a subnet 192.0.2.0/24 that is accessible via a relay that uses 10.0.0.1 as its IPv4 address. The server is able to select this subnet for any incoming packets that come from a relay that has an address in the 192.0.2.0/24 subnet. It also selects that subnet for a relay with address 10.0.0.1.
"Dhcp4": {
"subnet4": [
{
"subnet": "192.0.2.0/24",
"pools": [ { "pool": "192.0.2.10 - 192.0.2.20" } ],
"relay": {
"ip-addresses": [ "10.0.0.1" ]
},
...
}
],
...
}
If “relay” is specified, the “ip-addresses” parameter within it is mandatory.
Note
The current version of Kea uses the “ip-addresses” parameter, which supports specifying a list of addresses.
8.6.2. Segregating IPv4 Clients in a Cable Network¶
In certain cases, it is useful to mix relay address information (introduced in Using a Specific Relay Agent for a Subnet), with client classification (explained in Client Classification). One specific example is in a cable network, where modems typically get addresses from a different subnet than all the devices connected behind them.
Let us assume that there is one CMTS (Cable Modem Termination System) with one CM MAC (a physical link that modems are connected to). We want the modems to get addresses from the 10.1.1.0/24 subnet, while everything connected behind the modems should get addresses from another subnet (192.0.2.0/24). The CMTS that acts as a relay uses address 10.1.1.1. The following configuration can serve that configuration:
"Dhcp4": {
"subnet4": [
{
"subnet": "10.1.1.0/24",
"pools": [ { "pool": "10.1.1.2 - 10.1.1.20" } ],
"client-class" "docsis3.0",
"relay": {
"ip-addresses": [ "10.1.1.1 ]"
}
},
{
"subnet": "192.0.2.0/24",
"pools": [ { "pool": "192.0.2.10 - 192.0.2.20" } ],
"relay": {
"ip-addresses": [ "10.1.1.1" ]
}
}
],
...
}
8.7. Duplicate Addresses (DHCPDECLINE Support)¶
The DHCPv4 server is configured with a certain pool of addresses that it is expected to hand out to DHCPv4 clients. It is assumed that the server is authoritative and has complete jurisdiction over those addresses. However, for various reasons, such as misconfiguration or a faulty client implementation that retains its address beyond the valid lifetime, there may be devices connected that use those addresses without the server’s approval or knowledge.
Such an unwelcome event can be detected by legitimate clients (using ARP or ICMP Echo Request mechanisms) and reported to the DHCPv4 server using a DHCPDECLINE message. The server will do a sanity check (to see whether the client declining an address really was supposed to use it), and then will conduct a clean-up operation. Any DNS entries related to that address will be removed, the fact will be logged, and hooks will be triggered. After that is complete, the address will be marked as declined (which indicates that it is used by an unknown entity and thus not available for assignment) and a probation time will be set on it. Unless otherwise configured, the probation period lasts 24 hours; after that period, the server will recover the lease (i.e. put it back into the available state) and the address will be available for assignment again. It should be noted that if the underlying issue of a misconfigured device is not resolved, the duplicate-address scenario will repeat. If reconfigured correctly, this mechanism provides an opportunity to recover from such an event automatically, without any system administrator intervention.
To configure the decline probation period to a value other than the default, the following syntax can be used:
"Dhcp4": {
"decline-probation-period": 3600,
"subnet4": [ ... ],
...
}
The parameter is expressed in seconds, so the example above will instruct the server to recycle declined leases after one hour.
There are several statistics and hook points associated with the Decline handling procedure. The lease4_decline hook is triggered after the incoming DHCPDECLINE message has been sanitized and the server is about to decline the lease. The declined-addresses statistic is increased after the hook returns (both global and subnet-specific variants). (See Statistics in the DHCPv4 Server and Hooks Libraries for more details on DHCPv4 statistics and Kea hook points.)
Once the probation time elapses, the declined lease is recovered using the standard expired-lease reclamation procedure, with several additional steps. In particular, both declined-addresses statistics (global and subnet-specific) are decreased. At the same time, reclaimed-declined-addresses statistics (again in two variants, global and subnet-specific) are increased.
A note about statistics: the server does not decrease the assigned-addresses statistics when a DHCPDECLINE is received and processed successfully. While technically a declined address is no longer assigned, the primary usage of the assigned-addresses statistic is to monitor pool utilization. Most people would forget to include declined-addresses in the calculation, and simply use assigned-addresses/total-addresses. This would cause a bias towards under-representing pool utilization. As this has a potential for major issues, ISC decided not to decrease assigned-addresses immediately after receiving DHCPDECLINE, but to do it later when Kea recovers the address back to the available pool.
8.8. Statistics in the DHCPv4 Server¶
Note
This section describes DHCPv4-specific statistics. For a general overview and usage of statistics, see Statistics.
The DHCPv4 server supports the following statistics:
| Statistic | Data Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| pkt4-received | integer | Number of DHCPv4 packets received. This includes all packets: valid, bogus, corrupted, rejected, etc. This statistic is expected to grow rapidly. |
| pkt4-discover-received | integer | Number of DHCPDISCOVER packets received. This statistic is expected to grow; its increase means that clients that just booted started their configuration process and their initial packets reached the Kea server. |
| pkt4-offer-received | integer | Number of DHCPOFFER packets received. This statistic is expected to remain zero at all times, as DHCPOFFER packets are sent by the server and the server is never expected to receive them. A non-zero value indicates an error. One likely cause would be a misbehaving relay agent that incorrectly forwards DHCPOFFER messages towards the server, rather than back to the clients. |
| pkt4-request-received | integer | Number of DHCPREQUEST packets received. This statistic is expected to grow. Its increase means that clients that just booted received the server’s response (DHCPOFFER) and accepted it, and are now requesting an address (DHCPREQUEST). |
| pkt4-ack-received | integer | Number of DHCPACK packets received. This statistic is expected to remain zero at all times, as DHCPACK packets are sent by the server and the server is never expected to receive them. A non-zero value indicates an error. One likely cause would be a misbehaving relay agent that incorrectly forwards DHCPACK messages towards the server, rather than back to the clients. |
| pkt4-nak-received | integer | Number of DHCPNAK packets received. This statistic is expected to remain zero at all times, as DHCPNAK packets are sent by the server and the server is never expected to receive them. A non-zero value indicates an error. One likely cause would be a misbehaving relay agent that incorrectly forwards DHCPNAK messages towards the server, rather than back to the clients. |
| pkt4-release-received | integer | Number of DHCPRELEASE packets received. This statistic is expected to grow. Its increase means that clients that had an address are shutting down or ceasing to use their addresses. |
| pkt4-decline-received | integer | Number of DHCPDECLINE packets received. This statistic is expected to remain close to zero. Its increase means that a client leased an address, but discovered that the address is currently used by an unknown device in the network. |
| pkt4-inform-received | integer | Number of DHCPINFORM packets received. This statistic is expected to grow. Its increase means that there are clients that either do not need an address or already have an address and are interested only in getting additional configuration parameters. |
| pkt4-unknown-received | integer | Number of packets received of an unknown type. A non-zero value of this statistic indicates that the server received a packet that it wasn’t able to recognize, either with an unsupported type or possibly malformed (without message type option). |
| pkt4-sent | integer | Number of DHCPv4 packets sent. This statistic is expected to grow every time the server transmits a packet. In general, it should roughly match pkt4-received, as most incoming packets cause the server to respond. There are exceptions (e.g. DHCPRELEASE), so do not worry if it is less than pkt4-received. |
| pkt4-offer-sent | integer | Number of DHCPOFFER packets sent. This statistic is expected to grow in most cases after a DHCPDISCOVER is processed. There are certain uncommon, but valid, cases where incoming DHCPDISCOVER packets are dropped, but in general this statistic is expected to be close to pkt4-discover-received. |
| pkt4-ack-sent | integer | Number of DHCPACK packets sent. This statistic is expected to grow in most cases after a DHCPREQUEST is processed. There are certain cases where DHCPNAK is sent instead. In general, the sum of pkt4-ack-sent and pkt4-nak-sent should be close to pkt4-request-received. |
| pkt4-nak-sent | integer | Number of DHCPNAK packets sent. This statistic is expected to grow when the server chooses not to honor the address requested by a client. In general, the sum of pkt4-ack-sent and pkt4-nak-sent should be close to pkt4-request-received. |
| pkt4-parse-failed | integer | Number of incoming packets that could not be parsed. A non-zero value of this statistic indicates that the server received a malformed or truncated packet. This may indicate problems in the network, faulty clients, or a bug in the server. |
| pkt4-receive-drop | integer | Number of incoming packets that were dropped. The exact reason for dropping packets is logged, but the most common reasons may be: an unacceptable packet type, direct responses are forbidden, or the server-id sent by the client does not match the server’s server-id. |
| subnet[id].total-addresses | integer | Total number of addresses available for DHCPv4 management; in other words, this is the sum of all addresses in all configured pools. This statistic changes only during configuration changes. Note it does not take into account any addresses that may be reserved due to host reservation. The id is the subnet-id of a given subnet. This statistic is exposed for each subnet separately, and is reset during a reconfiguration event. |
| subnet[id].assigned-addresses | integer | Number of assigned addresses in a given subnet. It increases every time a new lease is allocated (as a result of receiving a DHCPREQUEST message) and is decreased every time a lease is released (a DHCPRELEASE message is received) or expires. The id is the subnet-id of the subnet. This statistic is exposed for each subnet separately, and is reset during a reconfiguration event. |
| reclaimed-leases | integer | Number of expired leases that have been reclaimed since server startup. It is incremented each time an expired lease is reclaimed and is reset when the server is reconfigured. |
| subnet[id].reclaimed-leases | integer | Number of expired leases associated with a given subnet (id is the subnet-id) that have been reclaimed since server startup. It is incremented each time an expired lease is reclaimed and is reset when the server is reconfigured. |
| declined-addresses | integer | Number of IPv4 addresses that are currently declined; a count of the number of leases currently unavailable. Once a lease is recovered, this statistic will be decreased; ideally, this statistic should be zero. If this statistic is non-zero or increasing, a network administrator should investigate whether there is a misbehaving device in the network. This is a global statistic that covers all subnets. |
| subnet[id].declined-addresses | integer | Number of IPv4 addresses that are currently declined in a given subnet; a count of the number of leases currently unavailable. Once a lease is recovered, this statistic will be decreased; ideally, this statistic should be zero. If this statistic is non-zero or increasing, a network administrator should investigate whether there is a misbehaving device in the network. The id is the subnet-id of a given subnet. This statistic is exposed for each subnet separately. |
| reclaimed-declined-addresses | integer | Number of IPv4 addresses that were declined, but have now been recovered. Unlike declined-addresses, this statistic never decreases. It can be used as a long-term indicator of how many actual valid Declines were processed and recovered from. This is a global statistic that covers all subnets. |
|
integer | Number of IPv4 addresses that were declined, but have now been recovered. Unlike declined-addresses, this statistic never decreases. It can be used as a long-term indicator of how many actual valid Declines were processed and recovered from. The id is the subnet-id of a given subnet. This statistic is exposed for each subnet separately. |
8.9. Management API for the DHCPv4 Server¶
The management API allows the issuing of specific management commands, such as statistics retrieval, reconfiguration, or shutdown. For more details, see Management API. Currently, the only supported communication channel type is UNIX stream socket. By default there are no sockets open; to instruct Kea to open a socket, the following entry in the configuration file can be used:
"Dhcp4": {
"control-socket": {
"socket-type": "unix",
"socket-name": "/path/to/the/unix/socket"
},
"subnet4": [
...
],
...
}
The length of the path specified by the socket-name parameter is
restricted by the maximum length for the UNIX socket name on the administrator’s
operating system, i.e. the size of the sun_path field in the
sockaddr_un structure, decreased by 1. This value varies on
different operating systems between 91 and 107 characters. Typical
values are 107 on Linux and 103 on FreeBSD.
Communication over the control channel is conducted using JSON structures. See the Control Channel section in the Kea Developer’s Guide for more details.
The DHCPv4 server supports the following operational commands:
- build-report
- config-get
- config-reload
- config-set
- config-test
- config-write
- dhcp-disable
- dhcp-enable
- leases-reclaim
- list-commands
- shutdown
- status-get
- version-get
as described in Commands Supported by Both the DHCPv4 and DHCPv6 Servers. In addition, it supports the following statistics-related commands:
- statistic-get
- statistic-reset
- statistic-remove
- statistic-get-all
- statistic-reset-all
- statistic-remove-all
as described in Commands for Manipulating Statistics.
8.10. User Contexts in IPv4¶
Kea allows loading hook libraries that can sometimes benefit from additional parameters. If such a parameter is specific to the whole library, it is typically defined as a parameter for the hook library. However, sometimes there is a need to specify parameters that are different for each pool.
User contexts can store an arbitrary data file as long as it has valid JSON syntax and its top-level element is a map (i.e. the data must be enclosed in curly brackets). However, some hook libraries may expect specific formatting; please consult the specific hook library documentation for details.
User contexts can be specified at global scope, shared network, subnet, pool, client class, option data, or definition level, and via host reservation. One other useful feature is the ability to store comments or descriptions.
Let’s consider an imaginary case of devices that have colored LED lights. Depending on their location, they should glow red, blue, or green. It would be easy to write a hook library that would send specific values as maybe a vendor option. However, the server has to have some way to specify that value for each pool. This need is addressed by user contexts. In essence, any user data can be specified in the user context as long as it is a valid JSON map. For example, the aforementioned case of LED devices could be configured in the following way:
"Dhcp4": {
"subnet4": [{
"subnet": "192.0.2.0/24",
"pools": [{
"pool": "192.0.2.10 - 192.0.2.20",
# This is pool specific user context
"user-context": { "color": "red" }
}],
# This is a subnet-specific user context. Any type
# of information can be entered here as long as it is valid JSON.
"user-context": {
"comment": "network on the second floor",
"last-modified": "2017-09-04 13:32",
"description": "you can put anything you like here",
"phones": [ "x1234", "x2345" ],
"devices-registered": 42,
"billing": false
}
}],
}
Kea does not interpret or use the user context information; it simply stores it and makes it available to the hook libraries. It is up to each hook library to extract that information and use it. The parser translates a “comment” entry into a user context with the entry, which allows a comment to be attached inside the configuration itself.
For more background information, see User Contexts.
8.11. Supported DHCP Standards¶
The following standards are currently supported:
- Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, RFC 2131: Supported messages are DHCPDISCOVER (1), DHCPOFFER (2), DHCPREQUEST (3), DHCPRELEASE (7), DHCPINFORM (8), DHCPACK (5), and DHCPNAK(6).
- DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor Extensions, RFC 2132: Supported options are: PAD (0), END(255), Message Type(53), DHCP Server Identifier (54), Domain Name (15), DNS Servers (6), IP Address Lease Time (51), Subnet mask (1), and Routers (3).
- DHCP Relay Agent Information Option, RFC 3046: Relay Agent Information option is supported.
- Vendor-Identifying Vendor Options for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol version 4, RFC 3925: Vendor-Identifying Vendor Class and Vendor-Identifying Vendor-Specific Information options are supported.
- The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Client Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) Option, RFC 4702: The Kea server is able to handle the Client FQDN option. Also, it is able to use kea-dhcp-ddns compontent do initiate appropriate DNS Update operations.
- Resolution of Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) Conflicts among Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Clients, RFC 4703: The DHCPv6 server uses DHCP-DDNS server to resolve conflicts.
- Client Identifier Option in DHCP Server Replies, RFC 6842: Server by default sends back client-id option. That capability may be disabled. See Echoing Client-ID (RFC 6842) for details.
8.12. DHCPv4 Server Limitations¶
These are the current limitations of the DHCPv4 server software. Most of them are reflections of the current stage of development and should be treated as “not implemented yet,” rather than as actual limitations. However, some of them are implications of the design choices made. Those are clearly marked as such.
- BOOTP (RFC 951) is not supported. This is a design choice; BOOTP support is not planned.
- On Linux and BSD system families the DHCP messages are sent and received over the raw sockets (using LPF and BPF) and all packet headers (including data link layer, IP, and UDP headers) are created and parsed by Kea, rather than by the system kernel. Currently, Kea can only parse the data link layer headers with a format adhering to the IEEE 802.3 standard and assumes this data link layer header format for all interfaces. Thus, Kea will fail to work on interfaces which use different data link layer header formats (e.g. Infiniband).
- The DHCPv4 server does not verify that an assigned address is unused. According to RFC 2131, the allocating server should verify that an address is not used by sending an ICMP echo request.
8.13. Kea DHCPv4 Server Examples¶
A collection of simple-to-use examples for the DHCPv4 component of Kea is available with the source files, located in the doc/examples/kea4 directory.
8.14. Configuration Backend in DHCPv4¶
In the Kea Configuration Backend section we have described the Configuration Backend feature, its applicability, and its limitations. This section focuses on the usage of the CB with the DHCPv4 server. It lists the supported parameters, describes limitations, and gives examples of the DHCPv4 server configuration to take advantage of the CB. Please also refer to the sibling section Configuration Backend in DHCPv6 for the DHCPv6-specific usage of the CB.
8.14.1. Supported Parameters¶
The ultimate goal for the CB is to serve as a central configuration
repository for one or multiple Kea servers connected to the database. In
the future it will be possible to store most of the server’s
configuration in the database and reduce the configuration file to a bare
minimum; the only mandatory parameter will be
config-control, which includes the necessary information to connect
to the database. In the Kea 1.6.0 release, however, only a subset of
the DHCPv4 server parameters can be stored in the database. All other
parameters must be specified in the JSON configuration file, if
required.
The following table lists DHCPv4 specific parameters supported by the Configuration Backend, with an indication on which level of the hierarchy it is currently supported. “n/a” is used in cases when a given parameter is not applicable on a particular level of the hierarchy, or in cases when the parameter is not supported by the server at this level of the hierarchy. “no” is used when the parameter is supported by the server on the given level of the hierarchy, but is not configurable via the Configuration Backend.
All supported parameters can be configured via the cb_cmds hooks library
described in the cb_cmds: Configuration Backend Commands section. The general rule is that
the scalar global parameters are set using
remote-global-parameter4-set; the shared network-specific parameters
are set using remote-network4-set; and the subnet- and pool-level
parameters are set using remote-subnet4-set. Whenever
there is an exception to this general rule, it is highlighted in the
table. The non-scalar global parameters have dedicated commands; for example,
the global DHCPv4 options (option-data) are modified using
remote-option4-global-set.
The Configuration Sharing and Server Tags explains the concept of shareable and non-shareable configuration elements and the limitations for sharing them between multiple servers. In the DHCP configuration (both DHCPv4 and DHCPv6) the shareable configuration elements are: subnets and shared networks. Thus, they can be explicitly associated with multiple server tags. The global parameters, option definitions and global options are non-shareable and they can be associated with only one server tag. This rule does not apply to the configuration elements associated with “all” servers. Any configuration element associated with “all” servers (using “all” keyword as a server tag) is used by all servers connecting to the configuration database.
| Parameter | Global | Shared Network | Subnet | Pool |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4o6-interface | n/a | n/a | yes | n/a |
| 4o6-interface-id | n/a | n/a | yes | n/a |
| 4o6-subnet | n/a | n/a | yes | n/a |
| boot-file-name | yes | yes | yes | n/a |
| calculate-tee-times | yes | yes | yes | n/a |
| client-class | n/a | yes | yes | yes |
| decline-probation-period | yes | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| dhcp4o6-port | yes | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| echo-client-id | yes | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| interface | n/a | yes | yes | n/a |
| match-client-id | yes | yes | yes | n/a |
| next-server | yes | yes | yes | n/a |
| option-data | yes (via remote-option4-global-set) | yes | yes | yes |
| option-def | yes (via remote-option-def4-set) | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| rebind-timer | yes | yes | yes | n/a |
| renew-timer | yes | yes | yes | n/a |
| server-hostname | yes | yes | yes | n/a |
| valid-lifetime | yes | yes | yes | n/a |
| relay | n/a | yes | yes | n/a |
| require-client-classes | no | yes | yes | yes |
| reservation-mode | yes | yes | yes | n/a |
| t1-percent | yes | yes | yes | n/a |
| t2-percent | yes | yes | yes | n/a |
8.14.2. Enabling Configuration Backend¶
Consider the following configuration snippet:
"Dhcp4": {
"server-tag": "my DHCPv4 server",
"config-control": {
"config-databases": [{
"type": "mysql",
"name": "kea",
"user": "kea",
"password": "kea",
"host": "192.0.2.1",
"port": 3302
}],
"config-fetch-wait-time": 20
},
"hooks-libraries": [{
"library": "/usr/local/lib/kea/hooks/libdhcp_mysql_cb.so"
}, {
"library": "/usr/local/lib/kea/hooks/libdhcp_cb_cmds.so"
}],
}
The config-control command contains two parameters. config-databases
is a list which contains one element comprising database type, location,
and the credentials to be used to connect to this database. (Note that
the parameters specified here correspond to the database specification
for the lease database backend and hosts database backend.) Currently
only one database connection can be specified on the
config-databases list. The server will connect to this database
during the startup or reconfiguration, and will fetch the configuration
available for this server from the database. This configuration is
merged into the configuration read from the configuration file.
Note
Whenever there is a conflict between the parameters specified in the configuration file and the database, the parameters from the database take precedence. We strongly recommend avoiding the duplication of parameters in the file and the database, but this recommendation is not enforced by the Kea servers. In particular, if the subnets’ configuration is sourced from the database, we recommend that all subnets be specified in the database and that no subnets be specified in the configuration file. It is possible to specify the subnets in both places, but the subnets in the configuration file with overlapping ids and/or prefixes with the subnets from the database will be superseded by those from the database.
Once the Kea server is configured, it starts periodically polling for
the configuration changes in the database. The frequency of polling is
controlled by the config-fetch-wait-time parameter, expressed
in seconds; it is the period between the time when the server
completed last polling (and possibly the local configuration update) and
the time when it will begin polling again. In the example above, this period
is set to 20 seconds. This means that after adding a new configuration
into the database (e.g. adding new subnet), it will take up to 20 seconds
(plus the time needed to fetch and apply the new configuration) before
the server starts using this subnet. The lower the
config-fetch-wait-time value, the shorter the time for the server to
react to the incremental configuration updates in the database. On the
other hand, polling the database too frequently may impact the DHCP
server’s performance, because the server needs to make at least one query
to the database to discover the pending configuration updates. The
default value of the config-fetch-wait-time is 30 seconds.
Finally, in the configuration example above, two hooks libraries are
loaded. The first, libdhcp_mysql_cb.so, is the implementation of
the Configuration Backend for MySQL. It must be always present when the
server uses MySQL as the configuration repository. Failing to load this
library will result in an error during the server configuration if the
“mysql” database is selected with the config-control parameter.
The second hooks library, libdhcp_cb_cmds.so, is optional. It should
be loaded when the Kea server instance is to be used for managing the
configuration in the database. See the cb_cmds: Configuration Backend Commands section for
details. Note that this hooks library is only available to ISC
customers with a support contract.